chemistry-class-11-unit-05-chapter-02-states-of-matter-gases-and-liquids-l-2-8-szeoiztiro0

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Ion - dipole interaction </primary>
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- $V_{id}$ $\propto$ $\frac{1}{r^2}$
- $V_{es(i-i)}$ $\propto$ $\frac{1}{r}$
- $V_{id}= \frac{k}{r^2} \quad V_{ii}=\frac{k}{r}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ion- dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Ion- dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ion - dipole interaction </span> $\rightarrow$ Ion - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Hydration enthalpy </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hydration enthalpy </primary>
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- **Hydration enthalpy of a series of ions**
- $M^{n+}(g)+H_2O \rightarrow M^{n+}(aq)$

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|$\text{ Ion }$ |$\text{Ionic radius/pm }$ | $\Delta \mathrm{H^0} \text {hydr}/kJ ~ mol^-$|
| --------      | --------                 | --------                                     |
| $Li^+$        | 76                       | -538                                         |
| $Na^+$        | 102                      | -424                                         |
| $K^+$         | 138                      | -340                                         |
| $Mg^{2+}$     | 72                       | -1963                                        |
| $Al^{3+}$     | 54                       | -4741                                        |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ion - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Ion - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydration enthalpy </span> $\rightarrow$ Problem $\rightarrow$ Intermolecular forces </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Dipole - dipole interaction </primary>
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| Molecule  | Molecular mass | Boiling point   |
| -------- | --------                  | --------         |
| $N_2$    | 28                      | 77K  |
| $O_2$    | 32                      | 90K  |
| $NO$     | 30                      | 121K |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Problem $\rightarrow$ Intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Dipole - dipole interaction </span> $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Dipole - dipole interaction </primary>
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- $N \equiv N$ symmetric
- $O=O$ dipole moment
- $\overrightarrow{N-O}$ dipole moment
- Electron negativity difference
- Higher boiling point of NO over $N_2$ & $O_2$
- $V = \frac{\mu_1\mu_2}{Kr^3}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Dipole - dipole interaction </span> $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Dipole - dipole interaction </primary>
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- $V_{dd}$ $\propto$ $\frac{1}{r^6}$
- $V_{ii}$ $\propto$ $\frac{1}{r}$
- $V_{id}$ $\propto$ $\frac{1}{r^2}$
- $V_{dd}$ $\propto$ $\frac{1}{r^6}$
	
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Dipole - dipole interaction </span> $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Dipole - dipole interaction </primary>
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- HCl in water
 - $\mathrm {CH_3Cl}$
 - $\mathrm {CH_2Cl_2}$
 - $\mathrm {CHCl_3}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Dipole - dipole interaction </span> $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Boiling point of hydrides </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Dipole - dipole interaction </primary>
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- $-\mathrm {ve} \left[\frac{1}{r},\frac{1}{r^2}, \frac{1}{r^6}\right] {\rightarrow} \text { attractive }$
- $+ \mathrm {ve } \leftarrow \frac{1}{r^{12}}\rightarrow \text { repulsive } $

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Dipole - dipole interaction </span> $\rightarrow$ Boiling point of hydrides $\rightarrow$ Boiling point of hydrides </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Boiling point of hydrides </primary>
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|   Molecule     |Molecular mass/amu | Boiling point/$^oC$ |
| --------            | --------               | --------         |
| $\mathrm {CH_4}$    | $16$                   | $-161.5$         |
| $\mathrm{SiH_4}$  | $32$                   | $-111.9$         |
| $\mathrm{SnH_4}$ | $122$                  | $-51.9$          |
| $\mathrm{PbH_4}$ | $211$                  | $-13$            |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Boiling point of hydrides </span> $\rightarrow$ Boiling point of hydrides $\rightarrow$ Boiling point due to hydrogen bonding </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Boiling point of hydrides </primary>
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|   Molecule        | Molecular mass/amu | Boiling point/$^oC$ |
| --------            | --------               | --------         |
| $\mathrm {NH_3}$    | $17$                   | $-33.33$         |
| $\mathrm {PH_3}$    | $34$                   | $-87.75$         |
| $\mathrm {AsH_3}$ | $78$                   | $-62.5$          |
| $\mathrm {SbH_3}$ | $125$                  | $-17.0$            |
| $\mathrm {H_2O}$    | $18$                   | $\sim 100$       |
| $\mathrm {H_2S}$    | $34$                   | $-60$            |
| $\mathrm {H_2Se}$ | $81$                   | $-41$            |
| $\mathrm {H_2Te}$ | $130$                  | $-2$             |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Dipole - dipole interaction $\rightarrow$ Boiling point of hydrides $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Boiling point of hydrides </span> $\rightarrow$ Boiling point due to hydrogen bonding $\rightarrow$ Problem bassed on boiling point </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> States Of Matter Gases And Liquids L-2 </Success>
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- Predict which of ethanol and dimethyl ether would have the higher boiling point

- Solution -
 - Ethanol - $[C_2H_5O H]$  and Dimethyl ether $[CH_3-O-CH_3]$ have the same molecular mass
 - Ethanol has O - H - hydrogen bond
 - Ethanol has a higher boiling point

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Boiling point of hydrides $\rightarrow$ Boiling point due to hydrogen bonding $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Problem bassed on boiling point </span> $\rightarrow$ Kevlar $\rightarrow$ Intermolecular forces </footer>