chemistry-class-11-unit-02-chapter-02-structure-of-the-atom-l-2-8-qpytmq5wa5e

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Discovery of proton (anode ray experiments, 1886) </primary>
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- Anode $\rightarrow$ cathode - anode rays
- +Vely charged
- $\frac{e}{m}$ depends on the nature of gas
- Smallest positive ion was coming from hydrogen atom 
- In 1919 , it was shown that this hydrogen atom is known as proton

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Structure of the atom $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Discovery of proton (anode ray experiments, 1886) </span> $\rightarrow$ Discovery of neutron (James chadwick, 1932) $\rightarrow$ The subatomic particles </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Discovery of neutron (James chadwick, 1932) </primary>
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- Mass of helium atom = 2 $\times$ mass of hydrogen atom
- $\{m_{He}} \approx 4 \times m_H $
- Nucleus contains
 - Protons
 - Neutrons
- Neutron has 0 charge and mass of  neutron = mass of proton
- H = 1 proton  
- He = 2 protons , 2 neutrons

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Discovery of proton (anode ray experiments, 1886) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Discovery of neutron (James chadwick, 1932) </span> $\rightarrow$ The subatomic particles $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Identity of an atom </primary>
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- **Example - 1**
- $p^{\oplus}=6$ $\quad Z=6$ $\quad$ $ ^{A}_{z}X^{q}$
- $e^-$ = 6 $\quad A=6+6=12$  $\quad \ ^{12}_ {6}C^{0} \approx \ ^{12}_{6}C \approx \ ^{12}C $ 
- $n=6$ $\quad q=6-6=0$ $ \qquad \quad (q= 0 )$

- **Example - 2**
- $p^{\oplus}=16$  $\quad Z=16 $
- $e^{\ominus}=15$ $\quad A=16+18=34$
- $n=18$  $\quad q=16-15=+1$
- $^{34}_{16}S^+$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identity of an atom $\rightarrow$ Identity of an atom $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Identity of an atom </span> $\rightarrow$ Identity of an atom $\rightarrow$ Identity of an atom </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Identity of an atom </primary>
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- **Example - 3** $\quad$$^{63}_{29}Cu$

- $Z=29$ $\quad p^{\oplus} = 29 $

- $A=63$ $\quad e^{\ominus}  = 29$

- $q=0$ $\quad n=A-Z =  63-29 = 34$

- **Example - 4** $\quad$ $^{40}_{20}Ca^{2+}$

- $Z=20$  $\quad  p^{\oplus}  = 20 $

- $A=40$  $\quad n=40-20=20 $

- $q=2+$  $\quad e^{\ominus} =20-2=18$

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### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Identity of an atom </primary>
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- **Example 5**

- Same $Z$ and different $A$ $\rightarrow$ isotopes
 
- $^{12}C$=99%
  
- $^{13}C$=1%
  
- $^{14}C$=trace

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|  | $^{12}_{6}C$ |$^{13}_{6}C$| $^{14}_{6}C$ |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| $p^+$   | 6    | 6 | 6  |
| $e^-$     | 6     | 6 |6 |
| n   | 6  | 7| 8  |

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### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Identity of an atom </primary>
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- **Example 6**
- Isotopes
- Protium=99.985%	Deuterium =0.015%	Tritium= traces

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|  | $^{1}_{1}H$ |$^{2}_{1}H$| $^{3}_{1}H$ |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| $p^+$   | 1    | 1 | 1  |
| $e^-$     | 1     | 1 |2 |
| n   | 0  | 1| 2  |

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### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Light / Radiation </primary>
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- **Nature of light** 
 - Particle
 - Wave and particle duality 
- **Electromagnetic wave - James Maxwell** 
 - Electrical field & magnetic field
 - Does not require a medium - it can move in vacuum
 - All electromagnetic waves have same speed in vacuum

- $C=\operatorname 3 \times 10^8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$

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![image](https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-11-unit-02-chapter-02-structure-of-the-atom-l-2_8-qpytmq5wa5e-465-2541.6.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identity of an atom $\rightarrow$ Identity of an atom $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Light / Radiation </span> $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of a wave $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of a wave </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Characteristics of a wave </primary>
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- Amplitude
- Wavelength $(\lambda) \mathrm{nm} /A^\circ$
- Frequency ( $\nu) S^{-1} $ / Hz (Hertz)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identity of an atom $\rightarrow$ Light / Radiation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Characteristics of a wave </span> $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of a wave $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of a wave </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Structure Of The Atom L-2 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Characteristics of a wave </primary>
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- **Solution**

- $ \lambda = 5000 A^{o} =5000 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{m}$

- $ \lambda = 5 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{m}$

- $\nu  =\frac{c}{\lambda}=\frac{3 \times 10^8 \mathrm{ms}^{-1}}{5 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{m}}$

- $\nu = 0.6 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{s}^{-1}=6 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{Hz} $

- $(\bar{v})$ =$\frac{1}{\lambda} =\frac{1}{5 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{m}}=0.2 \times 10^7 \mathrm{m}^{-1}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Characteristics of a wave $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of a wave $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Characteristics of a wave </span> $\rightarrow$ Electromagnetic spectrum $\rightarrow$ Thank you </footer>