<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-026-0034.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-1"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>From the commercial point of view, proteins may be classified into the following categories</strong></p> <p><strong>1. Blood products and vaccines</strong></p> <ul> <li>Hemophilia A (Classic Hemophilia)</li> <li>Caused by a lack or decrease of clotting factor VIII</li> <li>Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)</li> <li>Caused by a lack or decrease of clotting factor IX</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c4ef264b-e51c-40c7-8f68-72b36674de00/public" widht="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-2"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>From the commercial point of view, proteins may be classified into the following categories</strong></p> <p><strong>Hepatitis B is a potentially life-</strong></p> <ul> <li>Threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus</li> <li>Hepatitis B vaccine for prevention of hepatitis etc</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-3"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:40%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>2. Therapeutic antibodies and enzymes</strong></p> <ul> <li>Polyclonal antibodies have been used for more than a century for therapeutic purposes</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:60%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/961f76d5-7646-40cc-5546-b441fead7b00/public" width="100%"> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1a552657-fe15-43d2-a709-26dc0ad1e200/public" width="50%">--> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5ac9dbac-b377-4bc4-8904-01c92ef70900/public" width="40%">--> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>More recently monoclonal antibody preparations as well as antibody fragments produced by recombinant DNA technology have found therapeutic use</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-4"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a proteolytic enzyme (serine protease) used to digest blocks in arteries (Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin) following myocardial infarctions</p> </li> <li> <p>A monoclonal antibody OKT-3 is used to prevent rejection following kidney transplantation because the antibody blocks those immune cells which attack foreign graft</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/38e72f54-6288-439f-9992-40f9e1b4f900/public" style='width:100%'> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-5"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>3. Therapeutic hormones and growth factors</strong></p> <ul> <li>A number of hormone preparations have been used clinically for many decades</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c6fc8808-9df0-4c20-51a0-eae9fc380500/public" width="80%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-6"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>3. Therapeutic hormones and growth factors</strong></p> <ul> <li>Though insulin was prepared from the pancreas of cows and pigs, the ability to genetically transfer human insulin gene into bacteria and the ability to modify amino acid residues (protein engineering) has facilitated the development of modified forms which are faster acting like humulin</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:100%;'>--> <!--</div>-->

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-7"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--**3. Therapeutic hormones and growth factors**--> <!--- Though insulin was prepared from the pancreas of cows and pigs, the ability to genetically transfer human insulin gene into bacteria and the ability to modify amino acid residues (protein engineering) has facilitated the development of modified forms which are faster acting like humulin--> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c6fc8808-9df0-4c20-51a0-eae9fc380500/public" width="100%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:100%;'>--> <!--</div>-->

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-8"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Humulin acts in 15 min unlike pig insulin which takes 3 hours</p> </li> <li> <p>Another growth factor platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) has been approved for diabetics who develop skin ulcers</p> </li> <li> <p>Several other growth factors are under various stages of clinical trials</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-9"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:40%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>4. Regulatory factors</strong></p> <ul> <li>Several new regulatory factors were discovered that did not fit the classical definition of a hormone. Initially they were known as cytokines</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:60%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0dd876a4-9788-4bc0-34dd-9b6a27a20000/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>These include interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor(TNF) and colony stimulating factors (CSF)</li> <li>IFN$\alpha$-Hepatitis C</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-10"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>IFN $\beta$- Multiple Sclerosis</p> </li> <li> <p>IFN $\gamma$ -Chronic Granulomatous disease</p> </li> <li> <p>Chronic granulomatous disease is a disorder that causes the immune system to malfunction, resulting in a form of immunodeficiency</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-11"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>5. Analytical application</strong></p> <ul> <li>Enzymes and antibodies have found a range of analytical applications in the diagnosis of diseases</li> <li>Hexokinase for quantitative estimation of glucose in serum</li> <li>Uricase for uric acid levels in serum</li> <li>Horse radish peroxidise and alkaline phosphates in ELISA etc</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-096-1016.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-based-productssuccess-12"><Success>Protein based products</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>6. Industrial enzymes</strong></p> <p>Proteolytic enzymes constitute an 8000 crore annual market for industrial enzymes. They find application in the</p> <ol> <li>Beverage industry- Papain</li> <li>Detergent industry - Alcalase</li> <li>Confectionary industry- Glucose isomerase</li> <li>Cheese production- Chymosin</li> <li>Leather processing and meat industry-Lipase</li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/8ade11a5-49ae-47b6-24f2-d38f41cebe00/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctional-non-catalytic-proteinssuccess"><Success>Functional non-catalytic proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>7.Functional non-catalytic proteins-</strong> are those which have properties such as emulsification, gelation, water binding, whipping and foaming etc</p> <ul> <li>For example kappa casein, a component of casein is involved in micelle stabilisation of milk proteins and keep the proteins suspended uniformly in milk because it behaves like a lipid molecule (2/3rd of the protein is hydrophobic)</li> <li>The food industry has exploited these non-catalytic proteins</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-122-1185.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctional-non-catalytic-proteinssuccess-1"><Success>Functional non-catalytic proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Functional Property</th> <th>Mode of action</th> <th>Food System</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Whipping/Foaming</td> <td>Forms stable film</td> <td>Egg less cakes, desserts, whipped topping</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Emulsification</td> <td>Formation and stabilization of fat emulsions</td> <td>Vegetarian sausages, salad dressings, coffee whiteners, soups, cakes, infant food formulas, biscuits.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gelation</td> <td>Protein matrix formation and setting</td> <td>Meat, baked goods, cheeses</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Viscosity</td> <td>Thickening, water binding</td> <td>Soups, gravies, salad dressings</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctional-non-catalytic-proteinssuccess-2"><Success>Functional non-catalytic proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Functional Property</th> <th>Mode of action</th> <th>Food System</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Water binding</td> <td>Hydrogen bonding of water; entrapment of water</td> <td>Meats, sausages, cakes, breads</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Solubility</td> <td>Protein solvation</td> <td>Beverages</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Browning</td> <td>Undergoes Maillard reaction (on heating, the amino groups of protein react with aldehyde groups of sugars)</td> <td>Breads, biscuits, confections, sauces</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Flavour/Aroma</td> <td>Lactose reacts with milk proteins</td> <td>Baked goods, biscuits, confectionaries, sauces, soups, dairy products</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctional-non-catalytic-proteinssuccess-3"><Success>Functional non-catalytic proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>8. Nutraceutical proteins</strong></p> <ul> <li>Nutraceutical is a word coined from combination of nutrition and pharmaceuticals.</li> <li>Several nutritional proteins also have therapeutic functions</li> </ul> <p>Example- lactose free milk (for lactose intolerant babies)</p> <p>Infant food formulations</p> <p><strong>Whey-</strong>(liquid part of curds) for the treatment of numerous ailments (1600)- jaundice, infected skin lesions, genitor-urinary tract infections</p> <p>**Curd-**beneficial in intestinal infections. Used as a pro-biotic (administered with antibiotics) because it is a good source of beneficial bacteria which can colonise the intestinal tract</p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctional-non-catalytic-proteinssuccess-4"><Success>Functional non-catalytic proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>8. Nutraceutical proteins</strong></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Constituents (per 100 ml of milk)</th> <th>buffalo</th> <th>buffalo human</th> <th>Cow</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1. Protein (g)</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>3.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2. Casein (g)</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3.Lactalbumin (g)</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4.Lactoglobulin (g)</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5.Fat (g)</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>3.7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-150.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctional-non-catalytic-proteinssuccess-5"><Success>Functional non-catalytic proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Constituents (per 100 ml of milk)</th> <th>buffalo</th> <th>buffalo human</th> <th>Cow</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>6.Lactose (g)</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>4.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7.Calorific value (K Cal)</td> <td>100.0</td> <td>71.0</td> <td>69.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8.Calcium (mg)</td> <td>203.0</td> <td>33.0</td> <td>125.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9. Phosphorous (mg)</td> <td>130.0</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>96.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10.Chloride (mg)</td> <td>112.0</td> <td>43.0</td> <td>103.0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successcomponents-of-wheysuccess"><Success>Components of whey</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Whey proteins of result a in the elevation tripeptide glutathione(gamma-glutamyl cysteinyl glycine) in cells.</li> <li>This peptide is a reducing compound and has a broad range of functions including</li> </ul> <ol> <li> <p>detoxification of and xenobiotics</p> </li> <li> <p>protection of cellular components from the effect of oxygen intermediates and free radicals.</p> </li> </ol> <div>

<div> <h3 id="successcomponents-of-wheysuccess-1"><Success>Components of whey</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>$\alpha$ - Lactalbumin</th> <th>Lactose</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>$\alpha$ - Lactoglobulin</td> <td>Sialic Acid</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td> <td>Lactic Acid</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Immunoglobulins</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lactoferrin</td> <td>Sodium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lactoperoxidase</td> <td>Potassium , Magnesium</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-189-1550.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successcomponents-of-wheysuccess-2"><Success>Components of whey</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>$\alpha$ - Lactalbumin</th> <th>Lactose</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Protease peptones/polypeptides</td> <td>Chloride</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Free amino acids</td> <td>Phospphate</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Urea</td> <td>Sulfate , Citrate</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Glycomacropeptides</td> <td>Heavy Metals</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Growth Factors</td> <td>Milk Fat, Globule ,Free Fat ,Lipoproteins</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successprotein-engineeringsuccess"><Success>Protein engineering</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:27px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Engineering of proteins with the purpose of</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Increased stability (Temp, solvent, acid, environmental stress-salinity, drought, cold)</li> <li>Increased activity</li> <li>Increased functionality</li> </ol> <ul> <li>In order to stabilise the favourite protein, it is essential to know the cause of Inactivation.</li> <li>Hydrophobicity, interaction between amino acids</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/84017bde-53b8-4503-2c94-ea3e35933800/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successcreation-of-novel-proteinssuccess"><Success>Creation of novel proteins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Immunity development protein clones</li> <li>Designer antibodies</li> <li>Novel synthetic gene has been assembled as a first step towards developing a subunit vaccine against Hepatitis B virus</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-275-2077.199.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successimproving-nutritional-value-of-cereals--legumessuccess"><Success>Improving nutritional value of cereals & legumes</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Seed have all the proteins. We can improve. Whey has the maximum concentration of all essential proteins</li> <li>Branched Chain amino acids (BCCA)- ile, leu,val and trp. Important for muscle</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/87058e91-3b73-4093-ad63-e71f75909f00/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successprotein-value-indexsuccess"><Success>Protein Value Index</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Biological value (BV) -</strong> measures the amount of protein nitrogen that is retained by the body from a given amount of protein nitrogen that has been consumed. It has been observed that the BV of whey proteins is the highest compared to rice, wheat, soya and egg proteins</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-306-2222.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successprotein-value-indexsuccess-1"><Success>Protein Value Index</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Protein efficiency ratio (PER) -</strong> PER is used as a measure of growth expressed in terms of weight gain of an adult by consuming 1g of food protein. The PER value of the following proteins are arranged in decreasing order whey, milk, casein, soya, rice, wheat</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-306-2222.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-16-chapter-05-protein-based-products-protein-structure-and-engg-l-5_6-takdcbftb0k-361-2506.8.jpg"></p> </div>