<div> <h3 id="success-environmental-issues-part-isuccess"><Success> Environmental issues Part-I</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successgrowing-human-populationsuccess"><Success>Growing human population</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>World population as per 2012 records $\rarr$ 7 billion</li> <li>Total population of India is 1.2 billion</li> <li>Can you think of possible implications?</li> <li>More burden on our natural resources</li> <li>Overconsumption and overexploitation</li> <li>Pollution of air, water and soil</li> <li>Depletion and degradation of precious resources</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successpollutionsuccess"><Success>Pollution</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Pollutant $\rarr$ Any substance/agent that brings an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristic of a resource</li> <li>Pollution $\rarr$ It is the introduction of pollutants/contaminants into natural environment leading to an undesirable change</li> <li>Environment Protection Act (EPA) was passed by the Government of India in 1986 to protect and improve the quality of our environment</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successair-pollution---effectssuccess"><Success>Air pollution - effects</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Deleterious effect on respiratory system of humans and animals</li> <li>Harmful effect depends on concentration and duration of exposure to pollutants</li> <li>Can aggravate medical condition of individuals with asthma and emphysema</li> <li>Long term health effect includes chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease and even damage to brain</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<h3 id="successpollutants-airsuccess"><Success>Pollutants air</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>Air pollutants</p> <p>$\rightarrow$ Primary pollutants</p> <p>Direct & Identifiable source</p> <p>$-CO, NO_x, SO_x,$ etc</p> <p>$\rightarrow$ Secondary pollutants</p> <p>Unidentifiable</p> <p>$1.$ pollution react sunlight/water</p> <p>$2.$ Pollutant ground level, ozone acid rain, smog</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> <div>

<div> <h3 id="successsources-of-air-pollutionsuccess"><Success>Sources of air pollution</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Combustion of fossil fuels and other hydrocarbon fuels lead to air pollution</p> </li> <li> <p>Common air pollutants are-</p> </li> </ul> <ol> <li>Carbon mono oxide</li> <li>Ground level ozone</li> <li>Lead</li> <li>Nitrogen dioxide</li> <li>Sulphur dioxide</li> <li>Particulate matter</li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4c654802-dd25-484f-ff4a-654137197000/public" style='width:100%'> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successsources-or-emissions-of-air-pollutantssuccess"><Success>Sources or emissions of air pollutants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ece25ed2-caa7-4d56-6e4f-3c3504375d00/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b7055a82-b3d5-4f88-43ea-1a6b38b83700/public" width="75%"> <!----> </div> <!--</div>-->

<div> <h3 id="successair-pollution-controlsuccess"><Success>Air pollution-control</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Industries which lead to particulate and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere-</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Thermal power plants</li> <li>Mining and ore processing Industries</li> <li>Oil refineries</li> <li>Chemical Manufacturing Industries</li> <li>Dye Industries</li> <li>Tannery operations 7.Lead-acid battery recycling</li> <li>Lead Smelting</li> <li>Industrial/Municipal dump sites</li> <li>Steel Manufacturing Industries</li> </ol> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successdevices-for-removing-pollutantssuccess"><Success>Devices for removing pollutants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The Industrial emissions can be reduced if following devices are installed in the smokestacks/chimneys</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Electrostatic precipitators</li> <li>Scrubber</li> <li>Incineration</li> <li>Cyclone separators</li> </ol> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successelectrostatic-precipitatorsuccess"><Success>Electrostatic precipitator</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Most widely used device in thermal power plants</li> <li>Can remove over 99% particulate matter</li> <li>It produces an electric field through electrode maintained at several thousand volts</li> <li>It has a collecting plate to collect the dust particles</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ac8edf1f-8ec6-40d7-104c-d0be9952d000/public" width="100%"> <!----> <div>

<div> <h3 id="successelectrostatic-precipitatorsuccess-1"><Success>Electrostatic precipitator</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>A corona discharge occurs which releases electrons</li> <li>Electrons attach to dust particles giving them negative charge</li> <li>Collecting plates are grounded and attract the charged dust particles</li> <li>Velocity of air between the plates is lowered down to allow the dust to fall</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1b910c7a-ac04-4198-a4aa-629e23544200/public" width="100%"> <!----> <div>

<div> <h3 id="successscrubbersuccess"><Success>Scrubber</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>A scrubber can remove gases like sulphur dioxide</li> <li>In a scrubber, the exhaust is passed through a spray of water or lime</li> <li>The gas coming from exhaust is subjected to the spray of water/lime in counter current direction</li> <li>In this way, the harmful gases get absorbed and the emissions become relatively safer</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/27978146-6e11-43dd-ea45-55ce33283100/public" width="60%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successbhopal-gas-tragedysuccess"><Success>Bhopal gas tragedy</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred on December 3, 1984</li> <li>Forty tons of toxic gas (Methyl-Isocyanate, MIC) was accidentally released from Union Carbide’s Bhopal plant, which leaked and spread throughout the city</li> <li>The residents awoke to clouds of suffocating gas</li> <li>An estimated 10,000 or more people died</li> <li>The lungs, brain, eyes, muscles as well as gastro-intestinal, neurological, reproductive and immune systems of those who survived were severely affected</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successsuspended-particulate-matter-spmsuccess"><Success>Suspended particulate matter (SPM)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>SPM is a complex mixture of organic substances, present in the atmosphere both as solid particles and liquid droplets</li> </ul> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>SPM</th> <th>Features</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Dust</td> <td>About 100 microns in diameter Eg. Coal dust, cement dust</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Smoke</td> <td>Solid particles of 0.05-1.0 microns Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fume</td> <td>Suspended solids less than 1 micron Eg. Zinc or lead oxides</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mist</td> <td>Liquid droplets less than 2 microns</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aerosol</td> <td>Liquid or solid aerosols less than 1.0 micron</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successsuspended-particulate-matter-spmsuccess-1"><Success>Suspended particulate matter (SPM)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>1μm = $10^{-6}m$</p> <p>1μm = $\frac{1}{1000000}$</p> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successeffects-of-spm-in-airsuccess"><Success>Effects of SPM in air</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), particulate size 2.5 micron or less in diameter are responsible for causing greatest harm to human health</li> <li>These can be inhaled deep into the lungs and can cause breathing and respiratory symptoms</li> <li>Irritation, inflammation and damage to the lungs</li> <li>Premature deaths</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successvehicular-pollutionsuccess"><Success>Vehicular pollution</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Automobiles are major cause of air pollution in cities</li> <li>Measures for reducing automobile pollution -</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Proper maintenance of automobiles</li> <li>Lead-free petrol or diesel should be used</li> <li>Catalytic converters should be fitted into automobiles for reducing the emission of poisonous gases</li> <li>Switch over to cleaner fuels like CNG</li> <li>Using public transport or car pooling</li> </ol> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successhow-does-a-catalytic-convertor-functionsuccess"><Success>How does a catalytic convertor function?</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>A catalytic converter have expensive metals like Platinum-Palladium and rhodium as catalyst</li> <li>As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are converted into carbon dioxide and water</li> <li>Harmful gases like carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are changed to carbon di oxide and Nitrogen gas</li> <li>Such motor vehicles those equipped with catalytic convertors should use unleaded petrol because lead in petrol inactivates the catalyst</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successcase-study-of-delhisuccess"><Success>Case study of delhi</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>In 1990’s, Delhi ranked fourth among the 41 most polluted cities of the world</li> <li>A PIL was filed in the Supreme court of India</li> <li>After being censured very strongly, the government was asked, to take within a specified time period, appropriate measures, including switching over the entire fleet of public transport, i.e. buses, from diesel into compressed natural gas (CNG)</li> <li>All the buses of Delhi were converted to run on CNG by the end of 2002</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successother-measuressuccess"><Success>Other measures</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Phasing out of the old vehicles</li> <li>Use of unleaded petrol</li> <li>Use of low sulphur petrol and diesel</li> <li>Use of catalytic converters in vehicles</li> <li>Application of stringent pollution level norms through a new auto fuel policy</li> <li>More stringent norms for fuel means steadily reducing the sulphur and aromatic content in petrol and diesel fuels</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successadvantages-of-cngsuccess"><Success>Advantages of CNG</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>It is an efficient fuel as very little of it is left unburnt</li> <li>It is cheaper than petrol and diesel</li> <li>It can’t be siphoned off by thieves</li> <li>It can’t be adulterated</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successdelhi-needs-reform-againsuccess"><Success>Delhi needs reform again</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-04-ecology-environmental-issues-1_3-pkxqcp4w2m0-21.jpg" width="70%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successcauses---air--pollution---effectsuccess"><Success>Causes - air pollution - effect</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7c410cd5-42b6-4ee6-2cc7-a0d6cdd53a00/public" width="60%"> <!----> <div>

<div> <h3 id="successeuro-ii-normssuccess"><Success>Euro II norms</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>It refers to the permissible emission levels from both petrol and diesel vehicles, which have been implemented in Europe</li> <li>It stipulates that sulphur be controlled at 350 ppm in diesel and 150 ppm in petrol</li> <li>Aromatic hydrocarbons are to be contained at 42% of the concerned fuel</li> <li>The goal is to reduce sulphur to 50 ppm in petrol and diesel</li> <li>India adopted EURO I norms in 2000, EURO II norms in 2005 and EURO III norms in 2010</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successbharat-stage-iisuccess"><Success>Bharat stage II</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>It refers to the emission standards instituted by the Government of India for vehicles</li> <li>Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sets this standard and time frame for their implementation</li> <li>Bharat Stage II is equivalent to EURO II norms which is currently in place in bigger and most polluted cities</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successpetrol-emission-normssuccess"><Success>Petrol emission norms</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h3 id="heading"></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Norm</th> <th>Co</th> <th>Hc</th> <th>Nox</th> <th>Hc+nox</th> <th>PM</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>BS- III</td> <td>2.30</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>o.15</td> <td>_</td> <td>_</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BS- IV</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.08</td> <td>_</td> <td>_</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EURO- VI</td> <td>10.00</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>_</td> <td>0,005</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-04-ecology-environmental-issues-1_3-pkxqcp4w2m0-239-1647.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdiesel-emission-normssuccess"><Success>Diesel emission norms</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Norm</th> <th>Co</th> <th>Hc</th> <th>Nox</th> <th>Hc+nox</th> <th>PM</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>BS- III</td> <td>0.64</td> <td>_</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>_o.56</td> <td>0.o5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>BS- IV</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>_</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>o.25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EURO- VI</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>_</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0,005</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwater-pollutionsuccess"><Success>Water pollution</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Human activities are abusing the water bodies.</p> </li> <li> <p>The Govt. of India has passed Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 to safeguard our water resources.</p> </li> <li> <p>Sources of water pollution</p> </li> </ul> <ol> <li> <p>Domestic sewage</p> </li> <li> <p>Industrial effluents</p> </li> <li> <p>Agro-chemicals</p> </li> <li> <p>Alien species invasion</p> </li> <li> <p>Thermal waste water</p> </li> </ol> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successdomestic-sewage--industrial-effluentssuccess"><Success>Domestic sewage & industrial effluents</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>A mere 0.1 per cent impurities make domestic sewage unfit for human use</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4b11512e-eee8-4bac-3cdf-0d4ab0b61b00/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successbiochemical-oxygen-demandsuccess"><Success>Biochemical oxygen demand</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Domestic sewage primarily contains biodegradable organic matter, which readily decomposes</li> <li>Micro-organisms involved in biodegradation of organic matter in the receiving water body consume a lot of oxygen</li> <li>This results into a sharp decline in dissolved oxygen downstream from the point of sewage discharge</li> <li>This causes mortality of fish and other aquatic creatures</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successbiochemical-oxygen-demandsuccess-1"><Success>Biochemical oxygen demand</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>B.O.D $\propto \perp$ D.O</p> <p>$1\mu_n = 10^-6 m$</p> <p>$1\mu_n = \frac{1}{1000000}$</p> <p>B.O.D $\rightarrow$ It is amount of $O_2$ required by decomposers to completely decompose the organic mater preseir in 1 liter of water.</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successrelationship-between-bod-and-dosuccess"><Success>Relationship between B.O.D. And D.O</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/278c6112-d959-49d9-bb1c-b1e79d217700/public" width="50%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successalgal-bloomsuccess"><Success>Algal bloom</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Large amounts of nutrients from agricultural fields enter into the water bodies</li> <li>It causes excessive growth of planktonic (free- floating) algae, called an Algal Bloom</li> <li>This imparts a distinct colour to the water bodies</li> <li>Further leads to deterioration of the water quality and fish mortality</li> <li>Some of the bloom forming algae are extremely toxic to human beings and animals</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successterror-of-bengalsuccess"><Success>Terror of Bengal</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crasippes) were introduced into India for their beautiful mauve-coloured flowers and shape of leaves</li> <li>Highly invasive species</li> <li>These cause havoc by their excessive growth</li> <li>They grow faster than our ability to remove them</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successeffects-of-water-pollution-to-human-healthsuccess"><Success>Effects of water pollution to human health</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Sewage from homes and hospitals contain pathogens</li> <li>If disposed without proper treatment may cause outbreak of water borne diseases like dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, cholera, etc</li> <li>Wastewater from industries like petroleum, paper manufacturing, metal extraction and processing, chemical manufacturing, etc. contain toxic substances</li> <li>Heavy metals (elements with density > 5 g/cubic cm) such as mercury, cadmium, copper, lead, etc. and a variety of organic compounds are also present</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successbiomagnificationsuccess"><Success>Biomagnification</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Biomagnification refers to increase in concentration of the toxicant at successive trophic levels</li> <li>This happens because a toxic substance accumulated by an organism cannot be metabolised or excreted, and is thus passed on to the next higher trophic level</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successbiomagnificationsuccess-1"><Success>Biomagnification</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The figure shows biomagnification of DDT in aquatic food chain</li> <li>High concentration of DDT disturbs calcium metabolism in birds</li> <li>It may lead to thinning of eggshell and their premature breaking</li> <li>Eventually causing decline in bird population</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3464fd41-1682-40dc-069d-cef644a4ac00/public" width="60%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successeutrophicationsuccess"><Success>Eutrophication</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>It is the natural ageing of a lake by nutrient enrichment of its water</li> <li>As the lake’s fertility increases due to streams carrying nutrients, draining into the lake, plant and animal life flourishes</li> <li>The organic remains begin to be deposited on the lake bottom</li> <li>Over the centuries they pile up and the lake grows shallower and warmer</li> <li>Marsh plants take root in the shallows and begin to fill it</li> <li>Eventually, the lake turns into land</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successcultural-eutrophicationsuccess"><Success>Cultural eutrophication</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Industrial and Agricultural pollutants primarily add nitrates and phosphates into the water body</li> <li>This radically accelerate the aging process and is referred to as Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication</li> <li>A lake can choke to death due to following reasons -</li> </ul> <ol> <li> <p>Excessive growth of algae cause unsightly scum and unpleasant odours</p> </li> <li> <p>Pollutants flowing into a lake may poison whole population of fish</p> </li> <li> <p>Decomposition of remains of aquatic organisms further deplete oxygen from the water body</p> </li> </ol> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successthermal-waste-watersuccess"><Success>Thermal waste water</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Heated waste water coming out of electricity generating units like thermal power plants also constitute a category of pollutants</li> <li>It eliminates or reduces the number of organisms sensitive to high temperature</li> <li>In very cold areas, it may enhance the growth of some plants and fish but cause damage to indigenous flora and fauna</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successintegrated-waste-water-treatment---a-case-studysuccess"><Success>Integrated waste water treatment - A case study</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>It involves utilising a mix of artificial and natural processes</li> <li>Example of such a novel method for treating waste water is seen in town of Arcata, situated along north coast of California</li> <li>The people of the town collaborated with the Biologists from the Humboldt State University to create an integrated waste water treatment process within a natural system</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successintegrated-waste-water-treatment---a-case-studysuccess-1"><Success>Integrated waste water treatment - A case study</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The cleaning occurs in two stages -</li> </ul> <p>a. The conventional sedimentation, filtering and chlorine treatments are given.</p> <p>b. The biologists developed a series of six connected marshes over 60 hectares of marshland.</p> <ul> <li> <p>Appropriate plants, algae, fungi and bacteria were seeded into this area, which neutralise, absorb and assimilate the pollutants</p> </li> <li> <p>Hence, as the water flows through the marshes, it gets purified naturally</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfoam--friends-of-arcata-marshsuccess"><Success>Foam – friends of arcata marsh</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>The Arcata Marsh also constitute a sanctuary, with a high level of biodiversity</p> </li> <li> <p>A citizens group called the Friends of Arcata Marsh are responsible for the upkeep and safeguard of this wonderful project</p> </li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successdry-composting-toiletssuccess"><Success>Dry composting toilets</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) is a sustainable system for handling human excreta using dry composting toilets</li> <li>This is a practical, hygienic, efficient and cost-effective solution to waste disposal</li> <li>With this composting method, human excreta can be recycled into a resource (as natural fertiliser)</li> <li>Working ‘EcoSan’ toilets are present in many areas of Kerala and Sri Lanka</li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successwater--pollution--effectssuccess"><Success>Water pollution & effects</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7a2e4031-c379-4ef9-c456-87ed2e0c9800/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/56b1273d-a96b-4fe0-3c05-571c97e7d800/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div>