<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align:left; width:100%; font-size:30px;'> <p><strong>(MCQ discussion of Questions from Competitive exams)</strong></p> <p><strong>Question 1.</strong> The term ‘biodiversity’ is commonly used to describe the number, variety and variability of living organisms. What is the heritable variation within and between populations of organisms called?</p> <p>A. Species diversity<br> B. Genetic diversity<br> C. Ecosystem diversity<br> D. All of the above</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-021-0090.0.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-01.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-1"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong></p> <ul> <li>Genetic diversity accounts for the difference in genes among individuals and species</li> <li>Species diversity refers to diversity at species level within a particular region</li> <li>Ecological diversity is the variation in ecosystem found in a region or over the whole planet</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-2"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 2.</strong> Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways</p> <p>A. Soil formation<br> B. Prevention of soil erosion<br> C. Recycling of waste<br> D. Pollination of crops</p> <p>Which one do you agree with?</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-02.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-03.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-3"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 3.</strong> Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora?</p> <p>A. Biosphere Reserve<br> B. Botanical Garden<br> C. National Park<br> D. Wildlife Sanctuary</p> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong> In-situ conservation is the on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species.<br> Example Biosphere reserve, National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary and Sacred Grooves</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-03.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-4"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 4.</strong> The “Red Data Books” published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of</p> <ol> <li>Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotspots</li> <li>Threatened plant and animal species</li> <li>Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural resources in various countries</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Select the correct answer using the codes given below</li> </ul> <p>A. 1 and 3<br> B. 2 only<br> C. 2 and 3<br> D. 3 only</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-03.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-039-0561.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-5"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 5.</strong> Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity</p> <ol> <li>Species richness</li> <li>Vegetation density</li> <li>Endemism</li> <li>Ethno-botanical importance</li> <li>Threat perception</li> <li>Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions</li> </ol> <p>Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context?</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-039-0561.6.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-04.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-6"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 6.</strong> Resource conservation is an ancient practice that refers to the management of resources by humans Many Indian indigenous communities have adopted traditional methods to conserve their natural resources, such as the formation of sacred grooves. In which Indian state is the sacred groove, Iringole Kavu located?</p> <p>A. Jharkhand<br> B. Kerala<br> C. Rajasthan<br> D. Maharashtra</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-04.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-05.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-7"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <p>Iringole Kavu is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Durga, situated in Kunnathunad Taluk of Ernakulam district, 5 km from Perumbavoor. It is a sacred groove</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-8"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 7.</strong> “A biosphere reserves, conserves, and preserves” Is this statement true for any/all of the categories mentioned</p> <p>A. Wild animals<br> B. Land<br> C. Vegetation<br> D. All of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong></p> <ul> <li>Under the programme MAB (Man and Biosphere) of UNESCO creation of biosphere reserve was initiated in the year 1975</li> <li>A biosphere reserve is divided into three zones: Core, buffer and manipulation</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-05.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-06.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-9"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 8.</strong> The effects of climate change are alleviated by forests that reduce the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere When forests thrive, atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed by forests in their woods, leaves, and soil For this particular natural activity, forests are also known by which of the following terms?</p> <p>A. Carbon shakers<br> B. Carbon sinks<br> C. Carbon absorbers<br> D. Carbon fighters</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-06.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-07.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-10"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong> A carbon sink is anything that absorbs more carbon than it releases as carbon dioxide. European forests are currently a net carbon sink as they take in more carbon than they emit. In climate negotiations, this temporary reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also known as negative emissions</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-11"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 9.</strong> What are endemic species?</p> <p>A. Critically endangered species<br> B. Species having cosmopolitan distribution<br> C. Species found only in a particular region<br> D. Extinct Species</p> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong></p> <ul> <li>Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, or a country</li> <li>Endemic species in western ghat of India are Lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Brown palm civet and Nilgiri tahr</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-07.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-08.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-12"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 10.</strong> Employed in the manufacture of solar cells, which is this element that is the second most abundant on the Earth’s crust after oxygen?</p> <p>A. Titanium<br> B. Magnesium<br> C. Silicon<br> D. Aluminium</p> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong> Silicon is the second most abundant element on the earth’s crust. It is used in the manufacture of solar cells</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-13"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 11.</strong> Marine biodiversity is facing a serious threat today due to falling pH levels of the oceans. This is one of the greatest challenges affecting marine life as it increases the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What is this phenomenon called?</p> <p>A. Eutrophication<br> B. Ocean acidification<br> C. Plastic waste contamination<br> D. None of the above</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-14"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong> Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere. Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH > 7), and the process in question is a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH < 7)</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-15"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 12.</strong> Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone- depleting substances, are used</p> <ol> <li>In the production of plastic foams</li> <li>In the production of tubeless tyres</li> <li>In cleaning certain electronic components</li> <li>As pressurizing agents in aerosol cans</li> </ol> <p>Which of the statements given above is/are correct?</p> <p>A. 1, 2 and 3 only<br> B. 4 only<br> C. 1, 3 and 4 only<br> D. 1, 2, 3 and 4</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-08.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-09.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-10.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-11.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-12.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-16"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 13.</strong> Which among the following are the examples of secondary pollutants?</p> <p>A. Smog<br> B. Pan<br> C. O₃ (ozone)<br> D. All of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Primary air pollutants-</strong> Materials that when released pose health risks in their unmodified forms or those emitted directly from identifiable sources</li> <li><strong>Secondary air pollutants-</strong> Primary pollutants interact with one another, sunlight, or natural gases to produce new, harmful compounds</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-17"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 14.</strong> Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by</p> <p>A. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen<br> B. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide<br> C. Ozone and carbon dioxide<br> D. Nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-12.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-13.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-13.1.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successacid-rainsuccess"><Success>Acid rain</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align:left; width:100%; font-size:30px;'> <p>$CO_2$ + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ $H_2$ $CO_3 $(carbonic Acid)</p> <p>Sulphur Oxides + $H_2$O $\rightarrow$ Sulphuric Acid</p> <p>Nitrous Oxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ Nitric Acid</p> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-18"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 15.</strong> Biomagnification is mainly caused by -</p> <p>A. Hydrocarbons<br> B. Organo chlorines<br> C. Organo phosphates<br> D. None of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong></p> <p>Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. Organo chlorines like DDT, PCB’s, cyanide, selenium and other heavy metals have been found to cause Biomagnification</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-13.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-14.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-19"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 16.</strong> A pond with high value of BOD is -</p> <p>A. Highly polluted<br> B. Highly productive<br> C. Highly clean<br> D. None of these</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <p>Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) refers to the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one litre of water were oxidized by bacteria and protozoa When BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-14.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-15.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-15.1.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successbiochemical-oxygen-demand-bodsuccess"><Success>Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align:left; width:50%; font-size:30px;'> <ul> <li> <p>Indicator for water pollution</p> </li> <li> <p>$\uparrow$ BOD, $\uparrow$ Polluted water body</p> </li> <li> <p>BOD $\alpha$ $\frac{1}{D.O.}$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-20"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 17.</strong> Algal bloom results in</p> <p>A. Acidification<br> B. Saltation<br> C. Eutrophication<br> D. Biomagnification</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Cultural eutrophication occurs when excessive fertilizers run into lakes and rivers. This encourages the growth of algae (algal bloom) and other aquatic plants. Following this, overcrowding occurs and plants compete for sunlight, space and oxygen</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-15.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-16.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-21"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 18.</strong> Under the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, prior approval of the Central government is essential for diversion of forest land for any non forestry purposes. The basic objective of the Act is to regulate the indiscriminate diversion of forest land. In which year did this Act come into force?</p> <p>A. 1980<br> B. 1988<br> C. 1970<br> D. 1960</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-22"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong> The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted to help conserve the country’s forests It strictly restricts and regulates the de-reservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purposes without the prior approval of Central Government</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-23"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 19.</strong> The most frequently quoted definition of sustainable development is, “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Which of the following reports, highlights and promotes this definition?</p> <p>A. Brundtland report<br> B. Basel document<br> C. Cartagena protocol<br> D. Aarhus convention</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong> ‘Our Common Future’, also known as the Brundtland Report, was released in October 1987, a document which coined, and defined the meaning of the term “Sustainable Development”</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-24"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 20.</strong> There are a large number of global agreements and conventions with an agenda to protect wildlife. Which of the following agreement specifically target the conservation of migratory species of wild animals?</p> <p>A. Bonn convention<br> B. Ramsar convention<br> C. Cartagena protocol<br> D. Vienna convention</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-25"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong> Bonn Convention- Convention on Migratory Species Ramsar Convention- International treaty for conservation of wetlands Cartagena Protocol- Global protocol to ensure safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organism arising out of biotechnology Vienna Convention- Protection of ozone layer</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-26"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Questio 21.</strong> Pick up the correct food chain</p> <p>A. Grass $\rarr$ Chameleon $\rarr$ Insect Bird<br> B. Grass $\rarr$ Fox $\rarr$ Rabbit $\rarr$ Bird<br> C. Phytoplankton $\rarr$ Zooplankton $\rarr$ Fish<br> D. Fallen leaves Bacteria $\rarr$ Insect larvae</p> <p><strong>Point to remember -</strong></p> <ul> <li>The transfer of food energy from the producers, through a series of organisms (herbivores to carnivores to decomposers) with repeated eating and being eaten, is known as food chain. In nature, basically two types of food chains are recognized - grazing food chain and detritus food chain</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-27"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Questio 22.</strong> ‘Energy flows’ in ecology refer to the flow of energy in a food chain. In which direction do energy flow operate in an ecosystem?</p> <p>A. Unidirectional<br> B. Bidirectional<br> C. Multidirectional<br> D. None of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, typically from the Sun, through photosynthetic organisms including green plants and algae, to herbivores to carnivores and decomposers</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-16.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-17.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-18.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-19.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-20.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-21.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-28"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Questio 23.</strong> What is the process by which one natural community changes into another over a time scale of several years to centuries called?</p> <p>A. Progression<br> B. Succession<br> C. Reproduction<br> D. None of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. Nothing remains the same and habitats are constantly changing. There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-21.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-22.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-29"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Questio 24.</strong> An ecosystem consists of both biotic and abiotic components. Which of the following comprises the biotic components?</p> <p>A. Producers<br> B. Consumers<br> C. Decomposers<br> D. All of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>An ecosystem consists of 1.biotic components - the living organisms 2. abiotic components - non-living factors, such as light, temperature, water, nutrients, topography, etc. Evolution by natural selection is driven by ecological interactions.</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-30"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 25.</strong> Which of the following terms is used for the total sum of ecosystems found on the planet?</p> <p>A. Lithosphere<br> B. Atmosphere<br> C. Hydrosphere<br> D. Biosphere</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be referred to as a closed, self regulating zone of life</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-22.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-23.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-24.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-31"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Questio 26.</strong> Pyramid of number in a grassland ecosystem is -</p> <p>A. Always Inverted<br> B. Always Upright<br> C. Both A and B<br> D. Spindle shaped</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-24.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-25.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-32"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Questio 27.</strong> Ecosystems have the ability to maintain normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass even after being subjected to ecological disturbance. What is this phenomenon known as?</p> <p>A. Ecological resilience<br> B. Ecological footprint<br> C. Ecological diversity<br> D. None of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ecological resilience is defined as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without changing self-organized processes and structures. An ecological footprint is a measure of human impact on Earth’s ecosystems</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-33"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 28.</strong> A food chain comprises a number of trophic levels. Which is the trophic level most vulnerable to extinction?</p> <p>A. Producer level<br> B. Primary consumer level<br> C. Secondary consumer level<br> D. Tertiary consumer level</p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-34"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong> Although every species has their own importance to the functionality of an ecosystem, some species are more vulnerable to extinction than others</p> <ol> <li>Species at the top of food chains, such as large carnivores</li> <li>Endemic local species with a very limited distribution</li> <li>Species with chronically small populations</li> <li>Migratory species</li> </ol> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-35"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 29.</strong> What is the full range of habitat types known as wherein a species can exist and reproduce without any competition from other species?</p> <p>A. Fundamental niche<br> B. Fundamental existence<br> C. Fundamental growth<br> D. None of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>The full range of habitat types in which a species can exist and reproduce without any competition from other species is called its fundamental niche</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-36"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 30.</strong> Every year 5th June is observed as</p> <p>A. World wildlife day<br> B. World forest day<br> C. World environment day<br> D. Biodiversity conservation day</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>World wildlife day 3rd march</li> <li>World forest day 21st march</li> <li>World environment day 5th june</li> <li>Biodiversity conservation day 22nd may</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-37"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 31.</strong> What are organisms that live at the bottom of oceans known as?</p> <p>A. Benthic organisms<br> B. Pelagic organisms<br> C. Periphyton organisms<br> D. None of the above</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Organisms that live in and on the bottom of the ocean floors are known as benthos or Benthic organisms<br> Example- worms, clams, crabs, lobsters, sponges</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-26.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-27.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-28.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-29.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-30.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-38"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 32.</strong> In 1750, more than 350 people from the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan, India sacrificed their lives trying to protect a particular tree species. Which is this tree?</p> <p>A. Khejri<br> B. Reunjha<br> C. Rohida<br> D. Kanjho</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>The Bishnois, a Vaishnavite sect, living in western Rajasthan on the fringe of the Thar desert, have for centuries, been conserving the flora and fauna to the extent of sacrificing their lives to protect the environment</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-39"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 33.</strong> To increase the spread of forests, trees are planted in areas where there were none. What is this process called?</p> <p>A. Afforestation<br> B. Agro-forestation<br> C. Deforestation<br> D. Reforestation</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <ul> <li>Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover. Reforestation is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting)</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-40"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 34.</strong> Exponential growth occurs when there is</p> <p>A. No environmental resistance<br> B. Limited resources present<br> C. A fixed carrying capacity<br> D. Great environmental resistance</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-31.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-32.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-33.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-33.1.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-41"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <p>When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce</p> <ul> <li>Exponential Growth Curve</li> <li>Logistic Growth Curve</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-31.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-32.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-33.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-33.1.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-42"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align:left; width:50%; font-size:30px;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3362cb5e-ad30-41ed-bdc0-b9d903e52f00/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1c8b1ac8-7c21-450c-07aa-8e9f2237ae00/public" width="75%"> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successecology-and-environmentsuccess-43"><Success>Ecology and environment</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 35.</strong> The carrying capacity of a population is determined by -</p> <p>A. Natality<br> B. Mortality<br> C. Growth rate<br> D. Limiting resources</p> <p><strong>Point to remember</strong></p> <p>The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-15-chapter-02-ecology-ecosystems-ecology-and-environment-lecture-2_3-pkxyjbd0cj4-34.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3>