biology-class-12-unit-12-chapter-01-application-of-biotechnologyin-agriculture-lecture-1-g4ghhpx1ezc

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<h4 id="successbiofertilizers-vs-conventional-chemical-fertilizerssuccess"><Success>Biofertilizers vs. conventional chemical fertilizers</Success></h4>
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<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>Biofertilizers</strong></th>
<th><strong>Chemical fertilizers</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Microorganisms that can make N, P, K available to crops- inexpensive raw-material and renewable /scale-up not well established</td>
<td>Chemicals made through chemical manufacturing processes- expensive non-renewable raw materials/easy scale-up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Organic reductants</td>
<td>Molecular hydrogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biological catalysts such as enzymes</td>
<td>Al, Fe, Mo oxides as catalysts</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

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<h4 id="successbiofertilizers-vs-conventional-chemical-fertilizerssuccess-1"><Success>Biofertilizers vs. conventional chemical fertilizers</Success></h4>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>Biofertilizers</strong></th>
<th><strong>Chemical fertilizers</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Ambient temperature and pressure</td>
<td>High temperature and pressure (>200-600 ATM)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Soil friendly</td>
<td>Not soil friendly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Non-polluting</td>
<td>Wash off-leads to pollution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Efficiency can reach to 90%</td>
<td>Efficiency around 40-45%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Input cost @Rs. 0.2/kg biofertilizer</td>
<td>@Rs. 6/kgN and Rs.14/kg P compound</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>


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<h4 id="successbiofertilizers---supplementation-with-living-microbessuccess"><Success>Biofertilizers - supplementation with living microbes</Success></h4>
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<h3 id="successphosphate-solubilizing-microbessuccess"><Success>Phosphate solubilizing microbes</Success></h3>
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<h3 id="successgolden-ricesuccess"><Success>Golden rice</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>Genetically-engineered rice that contains beta-carotene (provitamin A) synthesizing pathway This antioxidant then converts to vitamin A</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Is expected to handle the vitamin A deficiency in the developing countries</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This pathway has also been introduced in to potato, tomato, canola, maize</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successpoints-for-considerationsuccess"><Success>Points for consideration</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Expression cassette</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Tissue specific promoter (endosperm)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Transit peptide (that directs it to plastid)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Destination is plastid</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h3 id="successexpression-cassettesuccess"><Success>Expression cassette</Success></h3>
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<h5 id="successprocess-for-_agrobacterium_-mediated-transformation-of-plantssuccess"><Success>Process for <em>Agrobacterium</em> mediated transformation of plants</Success></h5>
<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>Seed sterilization</li>
<li>Seed imbibition</li>
<li>Cultivation of <em>Agrobacterium</em></li>
<li>Infection of plant tissue with <em>Agrobacterium</em> (in co-cultivation medium)</li>
<li>Co-cultivation in the solid medium</li>
<li>Induction of shoots by plant hormones (shoot induction medium)</li>
<li>Shoot elongation</li>
<li>Rooting</li>
<li>Transplanting and adaptation to normal growth condition</li>
</ul>
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<h4 id="successcomparative-protein-profiling-between-golden-and-normal-ricesuccess"><Success>Comparative protein profiling between golden and normal rice</Success></h4>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>Control-normal rice</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Transgenic rice</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Distribution of protein according to functional pathways.</p>
</li>
</ul>

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