biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4-4-i2ulfj9lsxa

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Think over </primary>
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- **Question 4 What role do alpha interferons play in treatment of cancer?**

- **Answer**

- Interfere with cancer cells and stop them from growing and multiplying

- Stimulate the immune system by encouraging killer T cells and other cells to attack cancer cells  
 - Can encourage cancer cells to send out chemicals that attract immune system cells to kill them

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-03.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Think over $\rightarrow$ Think over $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Think over </span> $\rightarrow$ Think over $\rightarrow$ Drugs and alcohol abuse </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Think over </primary>
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- **Question 5. Why do cells of immune system fail to eliminate cancer?**

- **Answer**

- Cancer can weaken the immune system
- Cancer treatments may weaken the immune system
- Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system (Some cancer cells can lead to production of proteins that shut down the immune system in the area around the tumor

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-04.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Think over $\rightarrow$ Think over $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Think over </span> $\rightarrow$ Drugs and alcohol abuse $\rightarrow$ Addiction </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Drugs and alcohol abuse </primary>
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- **Drug abuse**

- When drugs are taken for a purpose other than medicinal use,

- Or in amounts/frequency that impairs one's physical, physiological or psychological functions,

- It constitutes drug abuse

- **Substance abuse**

- Alcohol  
 - Drugs  
 - Tobacco  
  
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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-05.jpg)
![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-06.jpg)
![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-07.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Think over $\rightarrow$ Think over $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Drugs and alcohol abuse </span> $\rightarrow$ Addiction $\rightarrow$ What causes addiction? </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Addiction </primary>
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- Addiction is a chronic disease

- Dependence becomes compulsive & difficult to control

- The initial decision to take drugs may be voluntary

- But repeated use can lead to neurochemical and molecular changes in brain

- These challenge an addicted person's self- control and interfere with their ability to resist

- These brain changes can be persistent, making this a "relapsing" disease

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-08.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Think over $\rightarrow$ Drugs and alcohol abuse $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Addiction </span> $\rightarrow$ What causes addiction? $\rightarrow$ Pleasure and reward system </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> What causes addiction? </primary>
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- **Brain's Reward circuit**

• Reward pathway activated

• Brain flooded with dopamine

• Feelings of pleasure

• Brain (Hippocampus) remembers the trigger and the pleasure

• Activity is sought to be repeated

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-09.jpg)
![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-10.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Drugs and alcohol abuse $\rightarrow$ Addiction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> What causes addiction? </span> $\rightarrow$ Pleasure and reward system $\rightarrow$ The addict's brain </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Pleasure and reward system </primary>
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- Eat - food  
- Dopamine - reward  
- Hippocampus makes - memories  
- Desire - to eat more

- **"Hey this apple is really good, I am going to remember that for future**

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Addiction $\rightarrow$ What causes addiction? $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Pleasure and reward system </span> $\rightarrow$ The addict's brain $\rightarrow$ The addict's brain </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> The addict's brain </primary>
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- Substance is consumed

- Reward system floods with dopamine

- Hippocampus remembers rapid sense of satisfaction

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What causes addiction? $\rightarrow$ Pleasure and reward system $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> The addict's brain </span> $\rightarrow$ The addict's brain $\rightarrow$ What makes a substance addictive? </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> The addict's brain </primary>
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- Dopamine release takes place in mid brain, which always trumps over the Cerebral cortex

- Reward pathway is intimately connected to our judgment and emotional areas

- The cerebral cortex plays important role in memory, attention, thought and consciousness

- Judgment becomes distorted

- Brain begins to treat the substance as necessary for survival

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-14.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Pleasure and reward system $\rightarrow$ The addict's brain $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> The addict's brain </span> $\rightarrow$ What makes a substance addictive? $\rightarrow$ How addiction sets in </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How addiction sets in </primary>
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- As the drug is taken repeatedly, the level of dopamine release decreases

- New extremes need to be reached for the same effect

- Eventually, tolerance may build to such a point that the drug no longer provides pleasure at all-merely avoidance of withdrawal

- But even in the face of diminished rewards, the neural pathways beg for the repetition of the behavior

- The brain is now built for addiction

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-16.jpg)

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How addiction sets in </primary>
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- **Developing tolerance**

- Repeated overstimulation

- Number of dopamine receptors reduced

- Original dosage gives less reward

- Dosage has to be increased to achieve original high

- Eventually, high doses are required just to stave off withdrawal

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-17.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">The addict's brain $\rightarrow$ What makes a substance addictive? $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How addiction sets in </span> $\rightarrow$ The vicious cycle $\rightarrow$ Withdrawal syndrome </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> The vicious cycle </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What makes a substance addictive? $\rightarrow$ How addiction sets in $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> The vicious cycle </span> $\rightarrow$ Withdrawal syndrome $\rightarrow$ Types of drugs </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Opium </primary>
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- Produces red and white flowers which mature into bolls

- Incisions are made on the bolls and latex oozes out and sticks to the surface of the boll

- On exposure to atmosphere, the latex turns brownish to black, gummy and resinous OPIUM GUM

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Natural drugs $\rightarrow$ Opium poppy $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Opium </span> $\rightarrow$ Opium in india $\rightarrow$ Opioids </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Cannabis </primary>
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- _Cannabis sativa_
 - Family Cannabaceae  
 - Cannabinoids are obtained from inflorescences   
 - Resin, leaves and flower tops are used to make-   
 - Marijuana  
 - Hashish  
 - Charas  
 - Ganja  
 - Affect the cardiovascular system

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Opioids $\rightarrow$ Commonly abused opiates $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cannabis </span> $\rightarrow$ How do opioids & cannabinoids work $\rightarrow$ How do opioids & cannabinoids work </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How do opioids & cannabinoids work </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Commonly abused opiates $\rightarrow$ Cannabis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How do opioids & cannabinoids work </span> $\rightarrow$ How do opioids & cannabinoids work $\rightarrow$ Cocaine </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How do opioids & cannabinoids work </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cannabis $\rightarrow$ How do opioids & cannabinoids work $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How do opioids & cannabinoids work </span> $\rightarrow$ Cocaine $\rightarrow$ How cocaine works </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How cocaine works </primary>
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- **Normal**

- Dopamine is released by a neuron into the synapse

- Binds to dopamine receptors on neighboring neurons

- **Dopamine Transporter**

- Dopamine is then recycled back into the transmitting neuron by a specialized protein called the dopamine transporter

- **Cocaine**

- Attaches to the dopamine transporter

- Buildup of dopamine in the synapse

- Pleasure and high

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-33.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">How do opioids & cannabinoids work $\rightarrow$ Cocaine $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How cocaine works </span> $\rightarrow$ How cocaine works $\rightarrow$ Synthetic drugs </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How cocaine works </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cocaine $\rightarrow$ How cocaine works $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How cocaine works </span> $\rightarrow$ Synthetic drugs $\rightarrow$ Sports and drug abuse </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Sports and drug abuse </primary>
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- **Commonly abused drugs**

- Narcotic analgesics

- Anabolic steroids

- Diuretics

- Hormones

- **TO**

- Increase muscle strength and bulk

- Promote aggressiveness

- Increase atheletic performance

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-36.jpg)
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">How cocaine works $\rightarrow$ Synthetic drugs $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Sports and drug abuse </span> $\rightarrow$ Side effects $\rightarrow$ Side effects </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Nicotine </primary>
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- Nicotine is the harmful, addictive substance found in all tobacco products

- Travels in the bloodstream and reaches for the brain'in 7 to 15 seconds

- In the brain, it boosts the "reward center," releasing chemicals that cause a pleasant, happy feeling, in a similar way to heroin and cocaine

- Adrenaline is then released, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, and making breathing rapid and shallow

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-40.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Side effects $\rightarrow$ Tobacco $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nicotine </span> $\rightarrow$ Effects of smoking $\rightarrow$ Effects of smoking </footer>

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- **Brain damage**

- Alcohol interferes with the brain's communication pathways, and can affect the way the brain looks and works

- These disruptions can change mood and behavior, and make it harder to think clearly and move with coordination

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-46.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tobacco and cancer $\rightarrow$ Alcohol abuse $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Effects of alcohol </span> $\rightarrow$ Effects of alcoholLiver $\rightarrow$ Effects of alcohol </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Adolescence and substance abuse </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Effects of alcohol $\rightarrow$ Effects of alcohol $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Adolescence and substance abuse </span> $\rightarrow$ Adolescence $\rightarrow$ Causes of substance abuse </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Biologyin Human Welfare Human Health And Disease L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some questions </primary>
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- **Question 1** Assertion- LSD and marijuana are clinically used as analgesics

- Reason- Both these drugs suppress brain function

- A- Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion  
 
- B- Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion  
 
- C- Assertion is true but reason is false  
 
- D- Both assertion and reason are false

- **Answer** D- Both assertion and reason are false

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-57.jpg)
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Effects of drug abuse $\rightarrow$ Prevention & control $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some questions </span> $\rightarrow$ Some questions $\rightarrow$ Some questions </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some questions </primary>
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- **Question 2** Assertion- Dope test is used to estimate the level of blood alcohol by analyzing the breath of persons

- Reason- A drunken person usually feels tense and less talkative

- A- Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion

- B- Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion

- C- Assertion is true statement but Reason is false

- D- Both Assertion and Reason are false statements

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4_4-i2ulfj9lsxa-59.jpg)
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Prevention & control $\rightarrow$ Some questions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some questions </span> $\rightarrow$ Some questions $\rightarrow$ Some questions </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some questions </primary>
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- **Question 3** Which one of the following is a matching pair of a drug and its category?

- A: Amphetamines stimulant

- B: Lysergic acid dimethyl amide - narcotic

- C: Heroin - psychotropic

- D: Benzodiazepines - pain killer

- **Answer** A: Amphetamines - stimulant

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Some questions $\rightarrow$ Some questions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some questions </span> $\rightarrow$ Some questions $\rightarrow$ Some questions </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some questions </primary>
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- **Question 4** Which one is odd?

- a. Cannabinoids

- b. Marjuana

- c. Morphine

- d. Ganja

- **Answer** c- Morphine

- Explanation Source of morphine - opium  , Source of others- cannabis

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