biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1-4-h1rjkhs7csa

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Biologyin Human Welfare Human Health And Disease L-1 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Earlier beliefs on health </primary>
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- **Hippocrates** "our food should be our medicine and our medicine" should be our food

- Healthy body implies balance of certain "humors" (body fluids)

- Persons with “blackbile” have hot personalities, and would have fevers

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Human health and disease (Part-1) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Earlier beliefs on health </span> $\rightarrow$ New views emerge $\rightarrow$ Mind affects health </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Mind affects health </primary>
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- Neural system
 
- Endocrine system
 
- Immune system

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- **Definition of health**

- As defined by WHO, health is a "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Earlier beliefs on health $\rightarrow$ New views emerge $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Mind affects health </span> $\rightarrow$ Being healthy implies $\rightarrow$ Being healthy implies </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Being healthy implies </primary>
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- More efficiency at work

- Increased productivity

- Economic prosperity

- Increased longevity

- Reduction in infant and maternal mortality

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-031-0410.4.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">New views emerge $\rightarrow$ Mind affects health $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Being healthy implies </span> $\rightarrow$ Being healthy implies $\rightarrow$ Lifestyle </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Lifestyle </primary>
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- **Food that we eat** Have a balanced diet

- **Water that we consume** Have adequate and clean drinking water

- **Exercise** Do regular physical exercise and yoga

- **Habits** Have proper awareness about diseases and their prevention

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Being healthy implies $\rightarrow$ Being healthy implies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lifestyle </span> $\rightarrow$ Infections $\rightarrow$ Disease </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Infections </primary>
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- Maintain good personal and social hygiene

- Vaccination

- Proper disposal of wastes

- Control of vectors

- **Genetic disorders**

- Chromosomal example turner syndrome

- Mendelian example sickle cell anaemia

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Being healthy implies $\rightarrow$ Lifestyle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Infections </span> $\rightarrow$ Disease $\rightarrow$ Infectious diseases </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Disease </primary>
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- Any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body

- May affect one or many organs or systems of the body

- Characterized by various signs and symptoms

- **Types of diseases**

- **Diseases** 1. Infectious  2. Non Infectious

- **Non Infectious** 1. Deficiency 2. Genetic 3. Physiological

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-06.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lifestyle $\rightarrow$ Infections $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Disease </span> $\rightarrow$ Infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ Pathogens </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Pathogens </primary>
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- Disease causing organisms
 - Most **parasites** are pathogens
 - Have to be variously adapted to survive and multiply in the host body

- 1. May have hooks for attachment
- 2. Developments to survive the pH of gut
- 3. High reproductive potential
- 4. Ability to evade immunological responses of the host

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Disease $\rightarrow$ Infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Pathogens </span> $\rightarrow$ Some common pathogens $\rightarrow$ Some common pathogens </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some common pathogens </primary>
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- Cause Infectious diseases

- Can be easily transmitted from one person to another

- Transmission can be through air, water, food, direct/indirect contact or by vectors

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-055-0927.6.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ Pathogens $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some common pathogens </span> $\rightarrow$ Some common pathogens $\rightarrow$ What happens when pathogen enters the body? </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> What happens when pathogen enters the body? </primary>
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- **Incubation**

- Time between infection and onset of symptoms
 - Pathogen multiplies continuously

- **Illness**

- Pathogen is harming the body 
 - Most severe symptoms appear 
 - Immune response not yet fully responded

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Some common pathogens $\rightarrow$ Some common pathogens $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> What happens when pathogen enters the body? </span> $\rightarrow$ What happens when pathogen enters the body? $\rightarrow$ Modes of transmission of infectious diseases </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Common diseases in humans </primary>
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- **Diseases**

- Bacteria  
 - Virus  
 - Protozoa  
 - Helminthes  
 - Fungi

- **1** Typhoid

- **2** Pneumonia

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-04a.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What happens when pathogen enters the body? $\rightarrow$ Modes of transmission of infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Common diseases in humans </span> $\rightarrow$ Typhoid $\rightarrow$ Typhoid </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Typhoid mary </primary>
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- **Mary Mallon** (September 23, 1869-November 11, 1938)

- Was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever

- She was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Typhoid $\rightarrow$ Typhoid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Typhoid mary </span> $\rightarrow$ Pneumonia $\rightarrow$ Pneumonia </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Pneumonia </primary>
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| Pathogen | _Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae_ Leads to inflammation of the **alveoli** in the lungs which get filled with **fluid** |
|---|---|
| **Mode of transmission** | Inhaling droplets from infected person or indirect contact |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Typhoid $\rightarrow$ Typhoid mary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Pneumonia </span> $\rightarrow$ Pneumonia $\rightarrow$ Some other bacterial diseases </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some other bacterial diseases </primary>
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- Dysentry
 - Plague
 - Diptheria
 - Tuberculosis
 - Cholera
 - Gonorrhea
 - Syphilis
 - Meningitis
 - Whooping Cough (_pertussis_)
 - Leprosy
 - Tetanus

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Pneumonia $\rightarrow$ Pneumonia $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some other bacterial diseases </span> $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibiotics </primary>
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- They may either **kill** or **inhibit** the growth of bacteria  
 
 - Antibiotics are **not effective** against **viruses**   
 
 - Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Some other bacterial diseases $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibiotics </span> $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics boon or bane?? $\rightarrow$ Anitibiotic resistance gene </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibiotics boon or bane?? </primary>
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- **Side effects**

- Most side-effects of antibiotics are not serious, though rarely, some may be. Like **allergies**

- Antibiotics can **kill off normal defence bacteria** which live in the bowel and vagina This may then allow thrush or other bad bacteria/ fungi to grow

- Over or improper use of antibiotics may lead to **development of antibiotic resistant bacteria**

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antibiotics $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibiotics boon or bane?? </span> $\rightarrow$ Anitibiotic resistance gene $\rightarrow$ Antibiotic resistance </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibiotic resistance </primary>
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- Antibiotic resistant bacteria can't be killed/ controlled by antibiotics For example, meticillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) is a bacterium that has become resistant to many different antibiotics and is difficult to treat

- Treatment of diseases caused by such bacteria becomes difficult

- How can you help???

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-15a.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antibiotics boon or bane?? $\rightarrow$ Anitibiotic resistance gene $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibiotic resistance </span> $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics Do's and Dont's $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics Do's and Dont's </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibiotics Do's and Dont's </primary>
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- Take antibiotics in the correct way as prescribed

- Never take antibiotics without prescription from a doctor

- Never take antibiotics prescribed for someone else

- Never skip doses and Always take the entire course of antibiotics as directed by your doctor

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Anitibiotic resistance gene $\rightarrow$ Antibiotic resistance $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibiotics Do's and Dont's </span> $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics Do's and Dont's $\rightarrow$ Common cold </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Common cold </primary>
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|  |  |  |  |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Pathogen |  | Viruses.More than 200 different types of viruses are known to cause the common cold, with RHINOVIRUS causing most of all adult colds| |
| Other common viruses   |  | Coronavirus, Adenovirus Respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza virus|  |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antibiotics Do's and Dont's $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics Do's and Dont's $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Common cold </span> $\rightarrow$ Common cold $\rightarrow$ Mode of transmission </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Influenza vs cold </primary>
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- Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, while the common cold generally is not  
 - Some of the symptoms of the common cold and influenza may be similar  
 - Patients with the common cold typically have a milder illness  
 - Though differentiating between the common cold and influenza can be difficult, there is laboratory testing available to confirm the diagnoses of influenza

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Common cold $\rightarrow$ Mode of transmission $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Influenza vs cold </span> $\rightarrow$ Prevention $\rightarrow$ Prevention </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Prevention </primary>
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- Cover your nose and mouth with disposable tissue when you cough or sneeze  
 - Throw used tissue in dustbins immediately after use  
 - Wash your hands with soap and water regularly  
 - Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers  
 - If you have flu like symptoms, visit your family doctor  
 - Avoid touching eyes. nose or mouth if your hands are unwashed

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Mode of transmission $\rightarrow$ Influenza vs cold $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Prevention </span> $\rightarrow$ Prevention $\rightarrow$ Malaria cause </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Anopheles mosquito </primary>
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- **_Anopheles_ mosquito**

- 30-40 species of Anopheles commonly transmit _Plasmodium_

- The female mosquito lays 30-150 eggs every 2-3 days

- Human blood is needed to nourish these eggs

- They start biting by late evening and the peak of biting activity is at midnight and early hours of morning

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Prevention $\rightarrow$ Malaria cause $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Anopheles mosquito </span> $\rightarrow$ Life cycle of plasmodium $\rightarrow$ Symptoms </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Life cycle of plasmodium </primary>
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- Sporozoites infectious form  
 - Multiply in liver  
 - Attack rbcs  
 - Release of haemozoin  
 - Gametocytes sexual stage  
 - Fertilization in mosquito's intestine  
 - Sporozoites stored in salivary gland of mosquito

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Malaria cause $\rightarrow$ Anopheles mosquito $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Life cycle of plasmodium </span> $\rightarrow$ Symptoms $\rightarrow$ Prevention inside the house </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Symptoms </primary>
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- **Symptoms Of malaria**

- **Central** headache  
- **Systemic** fever  
- **Muscular** fatigue, pain  
- **Back** pain  
- **Skin** chills, sweating  
- **Respiratory** dry cough  
- **Spleen** enlargement  
- **Stomach** nausea, vomiting

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Anopheles mosquito $\rightarrow$ Life cycle of plasmodium $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Symptoms </span> $\rightarrow$ Prevention inside the house $\rightarrow$ Prevention mosquito control </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Prevention inside the house </primary>
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- Use of nets during night

- Mosquito repellents

- Closed windows during evening and early morning

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Life cycle of plasmodium $\rightarrow$ Symptoms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Prevention inside the house </span> $\rightarrow$ Prevention mosquito control $\rightarrow$ Amoebiasis </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Prevention mosquito control </primary>
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- 1. Fumigation

- 2. Gambusia fish

- 3. Control of mosquito breeding in standing water

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Symptoms $\rightarrow$ Prevention inside the house $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Prevention mosquito control </span> $\rightarrow$ Amoebiasis $\rightarrow$ 4 Disease caused by a helminth </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Amoebiasis </primary>
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- **_Entamoeba histolytica_**

- Pathogen _Entamoeba histolica_  
 - Carrier Housefly
 - Parasite lives in large intestine Passed on with faecal matter
 - Contaminated food and water are main sources of infection
 - Symptoms constipation, pain, cramps, stools with excess mucous and blood clot

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Prevention inside the house $\rightarrow$ Prevention mosquito control $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Amoebiasis </span> $\rightarrow$ 4 Disease caused by a helminth $\rightarrow$ Ascariasis </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Ascariasis </primary>
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- **Pathogen -** _Ascaris _  (round worm)  
 - **Intestinal parasite**  
 - Eggs are excreted along with the faecal matter   
 - Infection is acquired through contaminated food and water   
 - **Symptoms -** internal bleeding, muscular pain, blockage of intestinal passage, fever, anaemia

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Amoebiasis $\rightarrow$ 4 Disease caused by a helminth $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ascariasis </span> $\rightarrow$ Filariasis $\rightarrow$ 5 Fungal disease </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Filariasis </primary>
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- **Pathogen** _Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi)_

- **Vector** female mosquitoes (like _Culex, Anopheles_)

- Parasite lives in the _lymphatic vessels_ usually

- Elephantiasis

- **Symptoms** Severe deformity of lower body, limbs and genitalia

- The skin may also become thicker, and pain may occur

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">4 Disease caused by a helminth $\rightarrow$ Ascariasis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Filariasis </span> $\rightarrow$ 5 Fungal disease $\rightarrow$ Ringworm </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Think over </primary>
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- **1.** What are the various adaptations of pathogens that help them to survive in the host body?

- **2.** What are the common modes of transmission of pathogens?

- **3.** How can vector borne infections be controlled?

- **4.** How important is the maintenance of personal and social hygiene for prevention of diseases?

- **5.** "Our habits can save us from many diseases "Justify this statement with examples

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ringworm $\rightarrow$ Symptoms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Think over </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank you $\rightarrow$  </footer>