biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-12-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-12-12-msx7vcvwhbo

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Human Genome Project </primary>
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* Introduction...

- Human genome project was a mega project that aimed to sequence every base in human genome

- This project has yielded much new information

- Many new areas and avenues have opened up as a consequence of the project

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Human Genome Project </span> $\rightarrow$ Human Genome Project $\rightarrow$ Human Genome Project </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Human Genome Project </primary>
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- A complete, high-quality DNA sequence - by 2003

- Human Genome Project assembles 12,000 bases every minute

- 15 billion raw base pairs were sequenced to reach the two billion

- Each area of a chromosome at least four to five times to insure that the data deposited is accurate

- The "depth of coverage,"

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Human Genome Project $\rightarrow$ Human Genome Project $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Human Genome Project </span> $\rightarrow$ Goals of HGP $\rightarrow$ Goals of HGP </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Salient features of human genome </primary>
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- The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases

- The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases

- The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000-much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 1,40,000 genes
- Almost all (99.9 per cent) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Goals of HGP $\rightarrow$ Goals of HGP $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Salient features of human genome </span> $\rightarrow$ Salient features of human genome $\rightarrow$ Salient features of human genome </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Salient features of human genome </primary>
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- The functions are unknown for over 50 per cent of discovered genes

- Less than 2 per cent of the genome codes for proteins

- Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome

- Repetitive sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times, sometimes hundred to thousand times. They are thought to have no direct coding functions, but they shed light on chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Goals of HGP $\rightarrow$ Salient features of human genome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Salient features of human genome </span> $\rightarrow$ Salient features of human genome $\rightarrow$ Benefits of HGP research </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Benefits of HGP research </primary>
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- Medical Benefits

- Improved diagnosis of disease

- Earlier detection of predispositions to disease

- Rational drug design

- Gene therapy and control systems for drugs

- Pharmacogenomics "personal drugs"

- Organ replacement

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Salient features of human genome $\rightarrow$ Salient features of human genome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Benefits of HGP research </span> $\rightarrow$ Benefits of HGP research $\rightarrow$ Benefits of HGP research </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Benefits of HGP research </primary>
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- **Evolution and human migration**

- Use germline mutations in lineages to study evolution
- Study migration of different population groups based on female genetic inheritance
- Study mutations on the evolutionarily stable Y Chromosome to trace lineage and migration
- Compare breakpoints in the evolution of mutations with ages of populations and historical events

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Benefits of HGP research $\rightarrow$ Benefits of HGP research $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Benefits of HGP research </span> $\rightarrow$ Benefits of HGP research $\rightarrow$ DNA Fingerprinting </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Benefits of HGP research </primary>
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- **Risk assessment**

- Assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose exposures
- Assess health damage and risks caused by exposure to mutagenic chemicals and cancer- causin toxins
- Reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Benefits of HGP research $\rightarrow$ Benefits of HGP research $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Benefits of HGP research </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ What is DNA fingerprinting? </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> What is DNA fingerprinting? </primary>
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- Although this might sound like a small amount, it means that there are around three million base pairs that are different between two people. These differences can be compared and used to help distinguish you from someone else

- Minisatellites are short sequences (10-60 base pairs long) of repetitive DNA that show greater variation from one person to the next than other parts of the genome. This variation is exhibited in the number of repeated units or 'stutters' in the minisatellite sequence.

- The first minisatellite was discovered in 1980

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What is DNA fingerprinting? $\rightarrow$ What is DNA fingerprinting? $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> What is DNA fingerprinting? </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ Steps </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA fingerprinting </primary>
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- DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys after he realised you could detect variations in human DNA, in the form of these minisatellites

- DNA fingerprinting is a technique that simultaneously detects lots of minisatellites in the genome to produce a pattern unique to an individual. This is a DNA fingerprint.

- The probability of having two people with the same DNA fingerprint that are not identical twins is very small

- Just like your actual fingerprint, your DNA fingerprint is something you are born with, it is unique to you

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What is DNA fingerprinting? $\rightarrow$ What is DNA fingerprinting? $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA fingerprinting </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps $\rightarrow$ Restriction of endonuclease </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Steps </primary>
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- Isolation of DNA

- Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases

- Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis

- Transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon

- Hybridization using labelled VNTR probe, and

- Detection of hybridized DNA fragments by autoradiography

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What is DNA fingerprinting? $\rightarrow$ DNA fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps </span> $\rightarrow$ Restriction of endonuclease $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA fingerprinting </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Steps of DNA fingerprinting </primary>
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- 6. The redioactive DNA probe is prepared
- 7. The DNA probe binds to specific DNA sequences on the membrane
- 8. Excess DNA probe is prepared
- 9. Al this stage, the radioactivity probe is bound to the DNA pattern on the membrane
- 10. X-ray film is placed next to the membrane to detect the redioactive pattern
- 11. The X-ray film is developed to make visible the pattern of bands which is know as a DNA fingerprit

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Restriction of endonuclease $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps of DNA fingerprinting </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ DNA can be isolated from... </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA can be isolated from... </primary>
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* Molecular Markers

- RFLP-Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism

- VNTR-Variable Number Tandem Repeat

- STR-Short Tandem Repeats

- SNP-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

- RAPD-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of DNA fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA fingerprinting $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA can be isolated from... </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications $\rightarrow$ Answer these Questions... </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-12 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Answer these Questions... </primary>
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- Expand HGP

- How many base pairs are there in human?

- What is DNA fingerprinting?

- What is the principle of DNA fingerprinting?

- Mention some sources from where DNA can be isolated for DNA fingerprinting

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA can be isolated from... $\rightarrow$ Applications $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answer these Questions... </span> $\rightarrow$ Answer these Questions... $\rightarrow$ Gene Expression </footer>

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- Prokaryotes - Operon- Inducible, Repressible

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- **Inducible**
 
- Genes are normally Switched OFF

- Genes can be indeed to express itself

- Example- lac operon

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- **Repressible**

- Genes are normally Switched On

- Genes are sepressed to stop gene expression

- Example- trp operon

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Gene Expression $\rightarrow$ Answers of question asked... $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answers of question asked... </span> $\rightarrow$ Prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Answers of question asked... </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Tap operon </primary>
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- Repressible operon (Tryptophan)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Answers of question asked... $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tap operon </span> $\rightarrow$ Answers of question asked... $\rightarrow$ Lac operan </footer>