biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-09-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-9-12-0ax7lh5n4xu

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Answers of questions asked </primary>
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- **Question.** What do you mean by Protein Synthesis?

- **Answer.** Formation of Polypeptide chain from mRNA is called protein synthesis

- **Question.** Which enzyme helps in charging of tRNA?

- **Answer.** AminoacyltRNA Synthetase

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answers of questions asked </span> $\rightarrow$ Answers of questions asked $\rightarrow$ Initiation of protein synthesis </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Answers of questions asked </primary>
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- **Question.** Which codon is called initiation codon?

- **Answer.** AUG

- **Question.** What do you mean by Stop Codon?

- **Answer.** Stop Codon gives signal to terminate the protein synthesis

- **Question.** What are the role of Ribosomes?

- **Answer.** Helps in protein synthesis. Recognizes intiation site for protein synthesis Reads the codon of mRNA Helps in Termination of protein synthesis

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Answers of questions asked $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answers of questions asked </span> $\rightarrow$ Initiation of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ Initiation of protein synthesis </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Initiation of protein synthesis </primary>
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* Requires

- Ribosomes
 - Specific initiator Charged tRNA
 - mRNA
 - GTP
 - Initiation Factors (IFs)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Answers of questions asked $\rightarrow$ Answers of questions asked $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Initiation of protein synthesis </span> $\rightarrow$ Initiation of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ Eukaryotic ribosomes </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Ribosome </primary>
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* Have three sites

- A Site (Aminoacyl Site)
 - P Site (Peptidyl Site)
 - E Site (Exit Site)

* Initiator Factors

* There are three initiator factors-

- IF-1 Blocks A Site of Ribosome
 - IF-2 Brings GTP
 - IF-3 Prevent association of larger subunit of ribosome with smaller subunit

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Eukaryotic ribosomes $\rightarrow$ Eukaryotic ribosomes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ribosome </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </primary>
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- 1. mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome

- Binding of IF<sub>1</sub> and IF<sub>3</sub> with smaller subunit of ribosome
 - Ribosome binds at AUG codon of mRNA
 - Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence which is complementary to a sequence of nucleotides at the 3' end of 16S rRNA also helps in binding

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </footer>

- 2. InitiatortRNA binds to the mRNA through base pairing between the codon and anticodon

- Requires IF<sub>2</sub>
 - IF<sub>2</sub> forms complex with GTP
 - IF<sub>1</sub> enhance dissociation of larger and smaller subunit
 - IF<sub>2</sub>-GTP complex along with fmet tRNA bind to form 30S initiation complex

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </footer>

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- 3. The large ribosome joins the initiation complex

- IF-3 dissociates from Complex
 - Larger subunit (50S) binds with smaller subunit
 - GTP hydrolyzed to GDP
 - IF<sub>1</sub> and IF<sub>2</sub> depart from complex
 - Formation of 70S Initiation Complex

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps of initiation in prokaryotes </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in eukaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in eukaryotes </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Steps of initiation in eukaryotes </primary>
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* Elongation of Protein Chain

* Requires-

- 70S Initiation Complex
 - charged tRNA with their amino Acid
 - Elongation Factors
 - GTP

* Elongation occurs in three phase

- Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site
 - Creation of peptide bond between amino acid 
 - Translocation

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of initiation in prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in eukaryotes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps of initiation in eukaryotes </span> $\rightarrow$ Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site $\rightarrow$ Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site </primary>
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- Requires elongation factors- EF-Tu, EF-Ts and GTP
 - EF-Tu joins with GTP and then binds to a charged tRNA
 - Forms three letter complex
 - Three part complex enters the A site
 - Anticodon of tRNA pairs with mRNA
 - GTP cleaves to GDP
 - EF-Tu-GDP complex released
 - EF-Tu-GDP regenerates into EF-Tu-GTP

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of initiation in eukaryotes $\rightarrow$ Steps of initiation in eukaryotes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site </span> $\rightarrow$ Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site $\rightarrow$ Creation of peptide bond between amino acid </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of initiation in eukaryotes $\rightarrow$ Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site </span> $\rightarrow$ Creation of peptide bond between amino acid $\rightarrow$ Translocation </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Creation of peptide bond between amino acid </primary>
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- Peptide bond forms in between amino acids attached to P and A site

- Amino acid released form P site from its tRNA

- Activity is catalyzed by peptidyl transferase

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site $\rightarrow$ Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Creation of peptide bond between amino acid </span> $\rightarrow$ Translocation $\rightarrow$ Termination of protein synthesis </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Translocation </primary>
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- Movement of ribosome down the mRNA in the 5'-3' direction
 - Requires Elongation factor EF-G
 - Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
 - Causes A site free for receiving the charged tRNA

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Delivery of charged tRNA to the A site $\rightarrow$ Creation of peptide bond between amino acid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Translocation </span> $\rightarrow$ Termination of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ Termination of protein synthesis </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
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- Signaled by Stop codon- UAG, UGA & UAA
 - Stop Codons do not code for any amino acid
 - Ribosome recognize stop codons with the help of protein called Release Factor (RF)
 - There are three release factors- RF<sub>1</sub>,RF<sub>2</sub> and RF<sub>3</sub>
 - Rf<sub>1</sub> recognizes UAA and UAG
 - RF<sub>2</sub> recognizes UAA and UGA

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Creation of peptide bond between amino acid $\rightarrow$ Translocation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Termination of protein synthesis </span> $\rightarrow$ Termination of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ Deconstruction of ribosomal complex </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
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- Binding of RF with stop codon triggers peptidyl transferase to cleave the polypeptide from tRNA in the P site
 - Polypeptide chain leaves the ribosome
 - RF<sub>3</sub>-GDP binds to the ribosome
 - Stimulate the releasing of RF from stop codon and ribosome
 - GTP replaces the GDP
 - RF<sub>3</sub> hydrolyses GTP, which allows RF<sub>3</sub> to be released from the ribosome

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Translocation $\rightarrow$ Termination of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Termination of protein synthesis </span> $\rightarrow$ Deconstruction of ribosomal complex $\rightarrow$ Deconstruction of ribosomal complex </footer>

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- Require Ribosomal Recycling Factor (RRF)
 - RRF binds to A site
 - EF-G binds, causing translocation of ribosome 
 - RRF moves to the P site and uncharged rRNA to the E site
 - RRF releases uncharged tRNA
 - EF-G releases RRF
 - Both subunit of ribosome dissociates from each other

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Termination of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ Termination of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Deconstruction of ribosomal complex </span> $\rightarrow$ Deconstruction of ribosomal complex $\rightarrow$ Binding of Amino acid with tRNA </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Termination of protein synthesis $\rightarrow$ Deconstruction of ribosomal complex $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Deconstruction of ribosomal complex </span> $\rightarrow$ Binding of Amino acid with tRNA $\rightarrow$ Direction of protein synthesis </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-9 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Direction of protein synthesis </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Deconstruction of ribosomal complex $\rightarrow$ Binding of Amino acid with tRNA $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Direction of protein synthesis </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank you $\rightarrow$  </footer>