biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8-12-vrzqurqpgyg

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-8 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Answer </primary>
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- **Question** - What are introns and exons?

- **Answer** - Introns are non function nucleotide sequences, also called intervening sequence

- exons are functional nucleotide seeequence, also called expressing sequence

- **Question -**What are the functions of Cap?

- **Answer-**
- 1. Initiation of translation
- 2. Increases the stability of mRNA and
- 3. Influences the removal of introns

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answer </span> $\rightarrow$ Answer $\rightarrow$ Answer </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Answer </primary>
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- **Question -** What do you mean by processing and splicing?

- **Answer -** Removal of introns and addition of exons together to form a mature mRNA is called processing and splicing

- **Question -** Which is the first nucleotide being added during transcription?

- A. rNTPs  
- B. rNDPs  
- C. rNMPs  
- D. Any of these three

- **Answer -** rNMP

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Answer $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answer </span> $\rightarrow$ Answer $\rightarrow$ Protein synthesis or translation </footer>

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- **Question -** What are the substrates for transcription?

- **Answer -** rNTP (Ribo Nucleoside Tri Phosphate)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Answer $\rightarrow$ Answer $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Answer </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein synthesis or translation $\rightarrow$ What are proteins </footer>

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- **How do amino acids combine together?**

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">What are proteins $\rightarrow$ Amino acid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Peptide bond formation </span> $\rightarrow$ How do amino acids combine together $\rightarrow$ Types of amino acids </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance L-8 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How do amino acids combine together </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Amino acid $\rightarrow$ Peptide bond formation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How do amino acids combine together </span> $\rightarrow$ Types of amino acids $\rightarrow$ Organization of protein structure </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of amino acids </primary>
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- Essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
 - Arginine and histidine form the group of so- called **semi-essential amino acids**
 - **non-essential amino acids -** alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine , glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serin and tyrosine

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8_12-vrzqurqpgyg-07.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Peptide bond formation $\rightarrow$ How do amino acids combine together $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of amino acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Organization of protein structure $\rightarrow$ Organization of protein structure </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> How many nucleotides are necessary to specify a single amino acid </primary>
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- Four type of Nucleotide (rNTP)

- rATP
 - ruTP
 - rcTP
 - rGTP

- 1 Nucleotide $\rightarrow$ 1 Amino acid

- 4 Nucleotide $\rightarrow$ 4 Amino acid

- (Two Nucleotide) 16 - Base sequences $\rightarrow$ 16 Amino acid

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8_12-vrzqurqpgyg-117-1344.0.jpg)
![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8_12-vrzqurqpgyg-10.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Organization of protein structure $\rightarrow$ Organization of protein structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How many nucleotides are necessary to specify a single amino acid </span> $\rightarrow$ Codon $\rightarrow$ Genetic code </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Codon </primary>
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- The set of bases that encode a single amino acid-is à _codon_
- Francis Crick and his colleagues confirmed in 1961 that the genetic code is indeed a triplet code

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Organization of protein structure $\rightarrow$ How many nucleotides are necessary to specify a single amino acid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Codon </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic code $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of genetic code </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Characteristics of genetic code </primary>
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- 1. The genetic code consists of a sequence of four bases-A, G, C, and U
- 2. The genetic code is a triplet code
- 3. The genetic code is degenerate
- 4. The code is comma free
- 5. The code is generally nonoverlapping

- Methionine $\rightarrow$ AUG  
- Tryptophan $\rightarrow$ UGG  
- There are 64 codons
- There are 61 sense codon

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Codon $\rightarrow$ Genetic code $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Characteristics of genetic code </span> $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of genetic code $\rightarrow$ Paring in codon </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Characteristics of genetic code </primary>
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- 6. The reading frame is set by an initiation codon, which is usually AUG
- 8. Three codons are Stop codons:UAG (Amber), UAA (Ochre) and UGA (Opal)
- 9. Always read in 5'-3'
- 10. The code is almost universal
- 11. Wobble occurs in the anticodon

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8_12-vrzqurqpgyg-14.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic code $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of genetic code $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Characteristics of genetic code </span> $\rightarrow$ Paring in codon $\rightarrow$ Process of translation </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Paring in codon </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Characteristics of genetic code $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of genetic code $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Paring in codon </span> $\rightarrow$ Process of translation $\rightarrow$ Structure of tRNA </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Structure of tRNA </primary>
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- 75 to 90 nucleotides long
 - Have cloverleaf structure
 - Having four base paired stem separated by four loops:I,II,III & IV

- Loop I: TΨC Loop

- Loop II: Anticodon Loop

- Loop III: Variable Loop

- Loop IV: DHU Loop

- Stem: Amino Acid binding site

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8_12-vrzqurqpgyg-223-2443.2.jpg)
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Paring in codon $\rightarrow$ Process of translation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Structure of tRNA </span> $\rightarrow$ Structure of tRNA $\rightarrow$ Charging of tRNA </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Charging of tRNA </primary>
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- Addition of amino acid to tRNA
- Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase Enzyme involve
- Process is called aminoacylation.
- Aminoacylation uses energy from ATP hydrolysis.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Structure of tRNA $\rightarrow$ Structure of tRNA $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Charging of tRNA </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps $\rightarrow$ Steps </footer>

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- Amino acid correspond to anticodon and ATP binds at the specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme
- ATP hydrolysed to AMP, which joins the amino acid as AMP to form aminoacyl AMP
- tRNA binds to enzyme
- Transfer of amino acid to tRNA
- Displacing of AMP
- Release of aminoacyl tRNA

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![image](/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-08-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-8_12-vrzqurqpgyg-241-2810.4.jpg)
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Structure of tRNA $\rightarrow$ Charging of tRNA $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps $\rightarrow$ Initiation of protein synthesis </footer>