### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetics and evolution </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetics and evolution </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetics and evolution </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> * Principles of Inheritance and Variation - I - Genetics - study of heredity and variation - The term 'genetics' was coined by - William Bateson in 1906 - Gregor Johann Mendel - Father of Genetics </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetics and evolution </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Life sketch of Mendel </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetics and evolution </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Heredity - Tendency of progenies to resemble with their parents - Variation - Tendency of progenies to differ from their parents </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetics and evolution </span> $\rightarrow$ Life sketch of Mendel $\rightarrow$ Life sketch of Mendel </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Life sketch of Mendel </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Born in 1822 in a peasant family in Moravia, in Austria - He became a monk in the Augustinian monastery at Brunn in Austria in 1843 - Later ordained as a priest in 1847 - Later, he became a teacher - He published his findings in 1866 in the Annual Proceeding of Natural History Society of Brunn - His laws form the basis of science for genetics. So, he is known as the Father of Genetics </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Life sketch of Mendel </span> $\rightarrow$ Life sketch of Mendel $\rightarrow$ Why his work remained hidden? </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Life sketch of Mendel </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - He attended courses in Physics, Maths and Science in Vienna University - He conducted hybridization experiments on pea plants at his monastery gardens from 1856 to 1865 </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetics and evolution $\rightarrow$ Life sketch of Mendel $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Life sketch of Mendel </span> $\rightarrow$ Why his work remained hidden? $\rightarrow$ Rediscovery of Mendel's findings </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Why his work remained hidden? </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - His work was ahead of his time - His work was published in a journal that had limited circulation - He himself was not sure of his findings - His mathematical approach in working out biological problems was strange - All the biologists were busy with Darwin's Theory of Evolution </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Life sketch of Mendel $\rightarrow$ Life sketch of Mendel $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Why his work remained hidden? </span> $\rightarrow$ Rediscovery of Mendel's findings $\rightarrow$ Mendel's experiment plant (Garden Pea - Pisum sativum ) </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Rediscovery of Mendel's findings </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Mendel's findings were re-discovered by the scientists - Hugo de Vries of Netherland - Karl Correns of Germany - Erich von Tshermak of Austria in 1900 </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Life sketch of Mendel $\rightarrow$ Why his work remained hidden? $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Rediscovery of Mendel's findings </span> $\rightarrow$ Mendel's experiment plant (Garden Pea - Pisum sativum ) $\rightarrow$ Some important terms </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Mendel's experiment plant (Garden Pea - Pisum sativum ) </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Why Mendel selected pea plant as his experimental material ? - it is a herbaceous plant with very short lifecycle - Availability of large number of varieties - Availability of large number of seeds - Presence of large number of contrasting characters - Bisexual flowers with self pollination - Papillionaceous corolla </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Why his work remained hidden? $\rightarrow$ Rediscovery of Mendel's findings $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Mendel's experiment plant (Garden Pea - Pisum sativum ) </span> $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Some important terms </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some important terms </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Gene - the unit of heredity or unit of inheritance of characters or unit of transmission of characters from parents to offsprings,which is a part of DNA present in the nucleus of a cell - A character is controlled by a pair of characters - Alleles or allelomorphs -alternative forms of the same gene found in the same locus of homologous chromosome - Example -T and t are alleles of the same gene that controls the character height </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Rediscovery of Mendel's findings $\rightarrow$ Mendel's experiment plant (Garden Pea - Pisum sativum ) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some important terms </span> $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Homozygous </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Some important terms </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Phenotype - refers to the external characters of an organism for a particular trait. It controlled by genes and the external environment - Genotype - refers to the genetic make up or genetic constitution of an individual for a trait </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Mendel's experiment plant (Garden Pea - Pisum sativum ) $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Some important terms </span> $\rightarrow$ Homozygous $\rightarrow$ Homozygous </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Homozygous </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Homozygous- an individual bears two similar - alleles at a given locus - Example- RR for red phenotype of the flower - Heterozygous- an individual bears two dissimilar alleles for a character seen at a given locus - Example- Rr for red flower colour </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Homozygous </span> $\rightarrow$ Homozygous $\rightarrow$ Symbolisation of characters </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Homozygous </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Pure line or true breeding - an individual that produces same type of progenies in all the generations based on a particular phenotype - They are always homozygous - Continuous inbreeding or self pollination results in the production of a pure line individual. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Homozygous $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Homozygous </span> $\rightarrow$ Symbolisation of characters $\rightarrow$ Another method of representation </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Symbolisation of characters </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - First letter of the dominant character is taken - First letter is written as capital letter for dominant character - First letter is written as small letter for recessive character - TT-for tall - tt-for dwarf - B - for dwarf </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Homozygous $\rightarrow$ Homozygous $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Symbolisation of characters </span> $\rightarrow$ Another method of representation $\rightarrow$ Monohybrid cross </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Another method of representation </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Consider the first letter of the recessive . character - Write the first letter capital for dominant character - Write the first letter as small letter for recessive character - Example - DD -Tall - dd - Dwarf </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Homozygous $\rightarrow$ Symbolisation of characters $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Another method of representation </span> $\rightarrow$ Monohybrid cross $\rightarrow$ Monohybrid cross </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Monohybrid cross </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - 1. Length of the stem - Tall $\quad$ Dwarf - 2. Colour of the flower - Purple $\quad$ White - 3. Position of the flower - Axial $\quad$ Terminal - 4. Colour of the pod - Green $\quad$ Yellow - 5. Shape of the pod - Inflated $\quad$ Constriction - 6. Colour of the seed - Yellow$\quad$ Green - 7. Shape of the seed - Round $\quad$ wrinkled </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Symbolisation of characters $\rightarrow$ Another method of representation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monohybrid cross </span> $\rightarrow$ Monohybrid cross $\rightarrow$ Mendel's Experiment </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Monohybrid cross </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Cross between two parents differing in one pair of characters - Example -Tall X Dwarf - Purple X White </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Another method of representation $\rightarrow$ Monohybrid cross $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monohybrid cross </span> $\rightarrow$ Mendel's Experiment $\rightarrow$ Hybridisation of parents </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Mendel's Experiment </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - 1. Selection of pure breeding parents - Continuous self pollination - They are homozygous - They will pass the character to the progenies as such </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monohybrid cross $\rightarrow$ Monohybrid cross $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Mendel's Experiment </span> $\rightarrow$ Hybridisation of parents $\rightarrow$ Hybridisation of parents </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hybridisation of parents </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Tall plant as male parent - Dwarf plant as female parent - Bagging of flowers of both the plants - Collected pollen grains from tall plants - Dusted on the stigma of dwarf plant - Bagging of cross pollinated flowers </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monohybrid cross $\rightarrow$ Mendel's Experiment $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hybridisation of parents </span> $\rightarrow$ Hybridisation of parents $\rightarrow$ Self Pollination in F1 Hybrids </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hybridisation of parents </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Collection and sowing of seeds - Tall hybrid plants obtained - F1 generation (first filial generation) - Filial refers to offspring - The symbol 'F1' - coined by Bateson and Saunders in 1902 </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Mendel's Experiment $\rightarrow$ Hybridisation of parents $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hybridisation of parents </span> $\rightarrow$ Self Pollination in F1 Hybrids $\rightarrow$ Observation in F2 </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Self Pollination in F1 Hybrids </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Bagging of flowers of F1 plants - It prevents contamination with foreign pollens - Collected and sown seeds - F2 generation is obtained </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hybridisation of parents $\rightarrow$ Hybridisation of parents $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Self Pollination in F1 Hybrids </span> $\rightarrow$ Observation in F2 $\rightarrow$ Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Observation in F2 </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Three tall and one dwarf progenies - Selfing of F2 progenies to produce F3 generation - 1/3 tall - produced tall only - 2/3 tall 3:1 - produced both tall and dwarf in the ratio - 1/4 (dwarf) - produced dwarf only </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hybridisation of parents $\rightarrow$ Self Pollination in F1 Hybrids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Observation in F2 </span> $\rightarrow$ Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio $\rightarrow$ Review questions </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Phenotypic ratio - 3:1 - Genotypic ratio - 1:2:1 </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Self Pollination in F1 Hybrids $\rightarrow$ Observation in F2 $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio </span> $\rightarrow$ Review questions $\rightarrow$ Identify the following as dominant and recessive characters </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Review questions </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - **Question 1.** How can we convert a bisexual flower into a female flower? - **Answer** we can convert a bisexual flower in to female flower by removing the anthers before dehiscence.(Emasculation) </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Observation in F2 $\rightarrow$ Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Review questions </span> $\rightarrow$ Identify the following as dominant and recessive characters $\rightarrow$ Think it over! </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Identify the following as dominant and recessive characters </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - Axial flower, wrinkled seed - red flower, constricted pod - Yellow seed, Green pod - Answer- Axial flower, red flower, Yellow seed - Green pod are dominant - Wrinkled seed, constricted pod, are recessive </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio $\rightarrow$ Review questions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Identify the following as dominant and recessive characters </span> $\rightarrow$ Think it over! $\rightarrow$ Thank you </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Think it over! </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px'> - **Question.** Is there any need for emasculation in pea plant that is considered as male parent? If not why? </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Review questions $\rightarrow$ Identify the following as dominant and recessive characters $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Think it over! </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank you $\rightarrow$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics Evolution Principles Of Inheritance Variation L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thank you </primary> <hr> <main> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identify the following as dominant and recessive characters $\rightarrow$ Think it over! $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thank you </span> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ </footer>