exemplar-phy-12-electromagnetic-induction

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Ques. A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at $A(0,0,0), B(L, 0,0)$, $C(L, L, 0), D(0, L, 0), E(0, L, L)$ and $F(0,0, L)$. A magnetic field ${B}=B_0(\hat{{i}}+\hat{{k}}) T$ is present in the region. The flux passing through the loop $A B C D E F A$ (in that order) is
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(a) $B_0 L^{2}$ Wb
(b) $2 B_0 L^{2}$ Wb
(c) $\sqrt{2} B_0 L^{2}$ Wb
(d) $4 B_0 L^{2}$ Wb
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Thinking process :
Here, loop $A B C D$ A lies in $x$-y plane whose area vector $A_1=L^{2} \hat{k}$ whereas loop ADEFA lies in $y-z$ plane whose area vector $A_2=L^{2} \hat{i}$.
Ans. (b)
Also, the magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of area $A$ in uniform magnetic field is given by
and
$\phi =B . A $
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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$A =A_1+A_2=(L^{2} \hat{k}+L^{2} \hat{i}) $
$B =B_0(\hat{i}+\hat{k}) T $
$\phi =B \cdot A=B_0(\hat{i}+\hat{k}) \cdot(L^{2} \hat{k}+L^{2} \hat{i}) $
$ =2 B_0 L^{2} Wb $
Now,
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Ques. A cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is connected from the axis and is made to touch the cylindrical surface through a contact. Then,
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(a) a direct current flows in the ammeter $A$
(b) no current flows through the ammeter $A$
(c) an alternating sinusoidal current flows through the ammeter $A$ with a time period $T=\frac{2 \pi}{\omega}$
(d) a time varying non-sinusoidal current flows through the ammeter $A$
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Ques. There are two coils $A$ and $B$ as shown in figure. $A$ current starts flowing in $B$ as shown, when $A$ is moved towards $B$ and stops when $A$ stops moving. The current in $A$ is counter clockwise. $B$ is kept stationary when $A$ moves. We can infer that
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(a) there is a constant current in the clockwise direction in $A$
(b) there is a varying current in $A$
(c) there is no current in $A$
(d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in $A$
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Ques. Same as problem 4 except the coil $A$ is made to rotate about a vertical axis (figure). No current flows in $B$ if $A$ is at rest. The current in coil $A$, when the current in $B($at $t=0)$ is counter-clockwise and the coil $A$ is as shown at this instant, $t=0$, is
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(a) constant current clockwise
(b) varying current clockwise
(c) varying current counter clockwise
(d) constant current counter clockwise
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<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/VImcCsTFGNgCu1_HYvhsCeohraYeGGYgW2UYq6jCd8o.original.fullsize.png" height="130px">
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Thinking process :
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans. (a)
When the current in $B(a t=0)$ is counter-clockwise and the coil $A$ is considered above to it. The counterclockwise flow of the current in $B$ is equivalent to north pole of magnet and magnetic field lines are emanating upward to coil $A$. When coil $A$ start rotating at $t=0$, the current in $A$ is constant along clockwise direction by Lenz’s rule.
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Thinking process :
The self inductance Lof a solenoid depends on its geometry (i.e., length, cross-sectional area, number of turns etc.) and on the permeability of the medium.
Ans. (b)
The self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross-sectional area $A$ and length $l$, having $n$ turns per unit length, filled the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability (e.g., soft iron, which has a high value of relative permeability) is given by
$L=\mu_r \mu_0 n^{2} A l$
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Thinking process :
This problem is associated with the heating effect of current as well as the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and eddy currents.
Ans. (a, b, d)
A metal plate is getting heated when a DC or AC current is passed through the plate, known as heating effect of current. Also, when metal plate is subjected to time varying magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the plate changes and eddy currents comes into existence which make the plate hot.
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Ques. An emf is produced in a coil, which is not connected to an external voltage source. This can be due to
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(a) the coil being in a time varying magnetic field
(b) the coil moving in a time varying magnetic field
(c) the coil moving in a constant magnetic field
(d) the coil is stationary in external spatially varying magnetic field, which does not change with time
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Thinking process :
This problem is associated with the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Ans. (a, b, c)
Here, magnetic flux linked with the isolated coil change when the coil being in a time varying magnetic field, the coil moving in a constant magnetic field or in time varying magnetic field.
Note When magnetic flux linked with the coil change, an emf is used in the coil. This is known as electromagnetic induction.
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Thinking process :
Here, it is important to know that the mutual inductance of a pair of coils, solenoids, etc., depends on their separation, their relative orientation as well as the geometry of pair of coils, solenoids, etc.
Ans. (a, d)
The mutual inductance $M _{12}$ of coil increases when they are brought nearer and is the same as $M _{21}$ of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 .
$M _{12}$ i.e., mutual inductance of solenoid $S_1$ with respect to solenoid $S_2$ is given by
$M _{21}=\mu_0 n_1 n_2 \pi r_1^{2} l$
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ques. A circular coil expands radially in a region of magnetic field and no electromotive force is produced in the coil. This can be because
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(a) the magnetic field is constant
(b) the magnetic field is in the same plane as the circular coil and it may or may not vary
(c) the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the plane of the coil) component whose magnitude is decreasing suitably
(d) there is a constant magnetic field in the perpendicular (to the plane of the coil) direction
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Thinking process :
The various arrangement are to be thought of in such a way that the magnetic flux linked with the coil do not change even if coil is placed and expanding in magnetic field.
Ans. (b, c)
When circular coil expands radially in a region of magnetic field such that the magnetic field is in the same plane as the circular coil or the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the plane of the coil) component whose magnitude is decreasing suitably in such a way that the cross product of magnetic field and surface area of plane of coil remain constant at every instant.
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Thinking process :
The magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of area $A$ in uniform magnetic field is given by
$\phi={B} . {A}=B A \cos \theta$
So, flux linked will change only when either B, or A or the angle between B and A change.
Ans.
When the switch is thrown from the off position (open circuit) to the on position (closed circuit), then neither $B$, nor $A$ nor the angle between $B$ and $A$ change. Thus, no change in magnetic flux linked with coil occur, hence no electromotive force is produced and consequently no current will flow in the circuit.
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Thinking process :
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans.
When the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil i.e., the wires are pulled apart which lead to the flux leak through the gaps. According to Lenz’s law, the emf produced must oppose this decrease, which can be done by an increase in current. So, the current will increase.
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Thinking process :
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans.
When the iron core is inserted in the current carrying solenoid, the magnetic field increase due to the magnetisation of iron core and consequently the flux increases.
According to Lenz’s law, the emf produced must oppose this increase in flux, which can be done by making decrease in current. So, the current will decrease.
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Thinking process :
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans.
When the current is switched on, magnetic flux is linked through the ring. Thus, increase in flux takes place. According to Lenz’s law, this increase in flux will be opposed and it can happen if the ring moves away from the solenoid.
This happen because the flux increases will cause a counter clockwise current (as seen from the top in the ring in figure.) i.e., opposite direction to that in the solenoid.
This makes the same sense of flow of current in the ring (when viewed from the bottom of the ring) and solenoid forming same magnetic pole infront of each other. Hence, they will repel each other and the ring will move upward.
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Thinking process :
This problem is based on the application of Lenz’s law.
Ans.
(b) When the current is switched off, magnetic flux linked through the ring decreases. According to Lenz’s law, this decrease in flux will be opposed and the ring experience downward force towards the solenoid.
This happen because the flux $i$ decrease will cause a clockwise current (as seen from the top in the ring in figure) i.e., the same direction to that in the solenoid. This makes the opposite sense of flow of current in the ring (when viewed from the bottom of the ring) and solenoid forming opposite magnetic pole infront of each other.
Hence, they will attract each other but as ring is placed at the cardboard it could not be able to move downward.
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Thinking process :
This problem is based on the concept of eddy current and application of Lenz’s law.
Ans.
When cylindrical bar magnet of radius $0.8 cm$ is dropped through the metallic pipe with an inner radius of $1 cm$, flux linked with the cylinder changes and consequently eddy currents are produced in the metallic pipe. According to Lenz’s law, these currents will oppose the (cause) motion of the magnet.
 
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ques. A magnetic field in a certain region is given by ${B}=B_0 \cos (\omega t) \hat{{k}}$ and a coil of radius $a$ with resistance $R$ is placed in the $x-y$ plane with its centre at the origin in the magnetic field. Find the magnitude and the direction of the current at $(a, 0,0)$ at
$t=\frac{\pi}{2 \omega}, t=\frac{\pi}{\omega} \text{ and } t=\frac{3 \pi}{2 \omega}$
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/rhqradV7SE0BsWIMN6E7swlbhB_RSkMzUZhZBV4E_ow.original.fullsize.png" height="160px">
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Thinking process :
This problem requires application of Faraday’s law of EMI and finding mathematical values of emf at different instants.
Ans.
At any instant, flux passes through the ring is given by
$\phi =\text{ B.A }=B A \cos \theta=B A $
$\text{ or } \quad =B_0(\pi a^{2}) \cos \omega t $
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Now, finding the value of current at different instants, so we have current at
Because
$t =\frac{\pi}{2 \omega} $
$I =\frac{B_0(\pi a^{2}) \omega}{R} \text{ along } \hat{\mathbf{j}} $
$\sin \omega t =\sin \omega \frac{\pi}{2 \omega}=\sin \frac{\pi}{2}=1 $
$t =\frac{\pi}{\omega}, I=\frac{B(\pi a^{2}) \omega}{R} $
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ques. Consider a closed loop $C$ in a magnetic field. The flux passing through the loop is defined by choosing a surface whose edge coincides with the loop and using the formula $\phi=B_1.d A_1, B_2.d A_2$ + ….. Now, if we choose two different surfaces $S_1$ and $S_2$ having $C$ as their edge, would we get the same answer for flux. Justify your answer.
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Thinking process :
This problem underline the concept of continuity of magnetic field lines. They can neither be originated nor be destroyed in space.
Ans.
The magnetic flux linked with the surface can considered as the number of magnetic field lines passing through the surface. So, let $d \phi=BA$ represents magnetic lines in an area $A$ to $B$.
 
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ques. Find the current in the wire for the configuration shown in figure. Wire $P Q$ has negligible resistance. $B$, the magnetic field is coming out of the paper. $\theta$ is a fixed angle made by $P Q$ travelling smoothly over two conducting parallel wires separated by a distance $d$.
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/HJggCFRp4dQDs-mNU3WZh6_CrOoXwGQryCCTwkCjs3Q.original.fullsize.png" height="170px">
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Ans.
The motional electric field $E$ along the dotted line $C D$ ( $\Lambda$ to both ${v}$ and ${B}$ and along ${V} \times {B})$ $=v B$
Therefore, the motional emf along $P Q=($ length $P Q) \times($ field along $P Q)$
$ =(\text{ length } P Q) \times(v B \sin \theta) $
$ =\frac{d}{\sin \theta} \times(v B \sin \theta)=v B d $
 
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ques. A (current versus time) graph of the current passing through a solenoid is shown in figure. For which time is the back electromotive force $(u)$ a maximum. If the back emf at $t=3 s$ is $e$, find the back emf at $t$ = 7s, 15s and 40s. OA, AB and BC are straight line segments.
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/s6cmOQ1xypumdiofi6Phj0JegoFoX0IJw6SNXn2_Dtg.original.fullsize.png" height="200px">
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Thinking process :
When the current is varied, the flux linked with the coil also changes and an emf is induced in the coil. The induced emf is given by
$ \varepsilon=-\frac{d(N \phi_B)}{d t} $
$ \varepsilon=-L \frac{d l}{d t} $
Thus, the self-induced emf always opposes any change (increase or decrease) of current in the coil.
 
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ans.
The back electromotive force in solenoid is $(u)$ a maximum when there is maximum rate of change of current. This occurs is in $A B$ part of the graph. So maximum back emf will be obtained between $5 s<t<10 s$.
Since, the back emf at $t=3$ s is e,
Also,
the rate of change of current at $t=3, s=$ slope of $O A$ from $t=0 s$ to $t=5 s=1 / 5 A / s$.
So, we have
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Thinking process :
A current $I_1$ is passed through the coil A and the flux linkage with coil B is,
$N_2 \phi_2=M _{21} I_1$
where, $M _{21}$ is called the mutual inductance of coil $A$ with respect to coil $B$ and $M _{21}=M _{12}$
And $M _{12}$ is called the mutual inductance of coil $B$ with respect to coil $A$.
 
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Ques. A magnetic field ${B}=B_0 \sin (\omega t) \hat{{k}}$ covers a large region where a wire $A B$ slides smoothly over two parallel conductors separated by a distance $d$ (figure). The wires are in the $x-y$ plane. The wire $A B$ (of length $d$ ) has resistance $R$ and the parallel wires have negligible resistance. If $A B$ is moving with velocity $v$, what is the current in the circuit. What is the force needed to keep the wire moving at constant velocity?
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/c2sbQhGJRHYJcjhEQ9HZCNJZx2oGP912bUminvCDqtY.original.fullsize.png" height="200px">
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Thinking process :
The emf induced across $A B$ due to its motion and change in magnetic flux linked with the loop change due to change of magnetic field.
Ans.
Let us assume that the parallel wires at are $y=0$ i.e., along $x$-axis and $y=d$. At $t=0, A B$ has $x=0$, i.e., along $y$-axis and moves with a velocity $v$. Let at time $t$, wire is at $x(t)=v t$. Now, the motional emf across $A B$ is
$=(B_0 \sin \omega t) v d(-\hat{\mathbf{j}})$
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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emf due to change in field (along $O B A C$ )
$=-B_0 \omega \cos \omega t x(t) d$
Total emf in the circuit $=$ emf due to change in field $($ along $O B A C)+$ the motional emf across $A B$
Electric current in clockwise direction is given by
$=-B_0 d[\omega x \cos (\omega t)+v \sin (\omega t)]$
$=\frac{B_0 d}{R}(\omega x \cos \omega t+v \sin \omega t)$
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Ques. A conducting wire $X Y$ of mass $m$ and negligible resistance slides smoothly on two parallel conducting wires as shown in figure. The closed circuit has a resistance $R$ due to $A C . A B$ and $C D$ are perfect conductors. There is a magnetic field ${B}=B(t) \hat{{k}}$
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/1Nph8okfeHG8X1Z9IVmUT3UZmgauSj8d7QZmVmUWung.original.fullsize.png" height="160px">
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Thinking process :
This problem relates EMI, magnetic force, power consumption and mechanics.
Ans.
Let us assume that the parallel wires at are $y=0$, i.e., along $x$-axis and $y=l$. At $t=0, X Y$ has $x=0$ i.e., along $y$-axis.
(i) Let the wire be at $x=x(t)$ at time $t$.
The magnetic flux linked with the loop is given by
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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$ =\frac{B^{2} I^{2}}{R} u_0^{2} \exp (-2 I^{2} B^{2} t I m R) $
Now, energy consumed in time interval $d t$ is given by energy consumed $=P d t=I^{2} R d t$ Therefore, total energy consumed in time $t$
$ =\int_0^{t} I^{2} R d t=\frac{B^{2} I^{2}}{R} u_0^{2} \frac{m R}{2 I^{2} B^{2}} 1-e^{-(l^{2} B^{2} t / m r.}) $
$ =\frac{m}{2} u_0^{2}-\frac{m}{2} v^{2}(t) $
decrease in kinetic energy.
This proves that the decrease in kinetic energy of $X Y$ equals the heat lost in $R$.
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Ques. ODBAC is a fixed rectangular conductor of negligible resistance $(C O$ is not connected) and $O P$ is a conductor which rotates clockwise with an angular velocity $\omega$ (figure). The entire system is in a uniform magnetic field ${B}$ whose direction is along the normal to the surface of the rectangular conductor $A B D C$. The conductor $O P$ is in electric contact with $A B D C$. The rotating conductor has a resistance of $\lambda$ per unit length. Find the current in the rotating conductor, as it rotates by $180^{\circ}$.
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/iJrsNEkzcGM6cA-suhhKSsSvMDe8pCDelGXMYCYNdvo.original.fullsize.png" height="170px">
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Thinking process :
The pattern of rate of change of area (hence flux) can be considered uniform from
$0<\theta<\frac{\pi}{4} ; \frac{\pi}{4}<\theta<\frac{3 \pi}{4}$ and $\frac{3 \pi}{4}<\theta<\frac{\pi}{2}$.
Hence, forth finding emf and current.
Ans.
Let us consider the position of rotating conductor at time interval
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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$t=0 \text{ to } t=\frac{\pi}{4 \omega}(\text{ or } T / 8)$
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/QIy18Lmp9fGxZOn2_sTNUtDw5SOTVQn88t3vwORZl7E.original.fullsize.png" height="140px">
the rod $O P$ will make contact with the side $B D$. Let the length $O Q$ of the contact at sometime $t$ such that $0<t<\frac{\pi}{4 \omega}$ or $0<t<\frac{T}{8}$ be $x$. The flux through the area $O D Q$ is
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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$\phi =B \frac{1}{2} Q D \times O D=B \frac{1}{2} l \tan \theta \times l $
$ =\frac{1}{2} B i^{2} \tan \theta, \text{ where } \theta=\omega t $
Applying Faraday’s law of EMI,
Thus, the magnitude of the emf generated is $\varepsilon=\frac{d \phi}{d t}=\frac{1}{2} B l^{2} \omega \sec ^{2} \omega t$
The current is $I=\frac{\varepsilon}{R}$ where $R$ is the resistance of the rod in contact.
where, $R \propto \lambda$
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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$ R=\lambda x=\frac{\lambda l}{\cos \omega t} $
$\therefore I=\frac{1}{2} \frac{B l^{2} \omega}{\lambda l} \sec ^{2} \omega t \cos \omega t=\frac{B l \omega}{2 \lambda \cos \omega t} $
Let the length $O Q$ of the contact at some time $t$ such that $\frac{\pi}{4 \omega}<t<\frac{3 \pi}{4 \omega}$ or $\frac{T}{8}<t<\frac{3 T}{8}$ be $x$. The rod is in contact with the side $A B$. The flux through the area $O Q B D$ is
Where,
$\phi=l^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{l^{2}}{\tan \theta} B$
Thus, the magnitude of emf generated in the loop is
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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$\varepsilon=\frac{d \phi}{d t}=\frac{1}{2} B l^{2} \omega \frac{\sec ^{2} \omega t}{\tan ^{2} \omega t}$
The current is $I=\frac{\varepsilon}{R}=\frac{\varepsilon}{\lambda x}=\frac{\varepsilon \sin \omega t}{\lambda l}=\frac{1}{2} \frac{B l \omega}{\lambda \sin \omega t}$
Similarly for $\frac{3 \pi}{4 \omega}<t<\frac{\pi}{\omega}$ or $\frac{3 T}{8}<t<\frac{T}{2}$, the rod will be in touch with $A C$.
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/hZBNymyoY6UegeSJlgt9YOmD-zmsfPJujTHxo6Hk5tQ.original.fullsize.png" height="120px">
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The flux through $O Q A B D$ is given by
$\phi=2 l^{2}-\frac{l^{2}}{2 \tan \omega t} B$
And the magnitude of emf generated in loop is given by
$ \varepsilon=\frac{d \phi}{d t}=\frac{B \omega l^{2} \sec ^{2} \omega t}{2 \tan ^{2} \omega t} $
$ l=\frac{\varepsilon}{R}=\frac{\varepsilon}{\lambda x}=\frac{1}{2} \frac{B l \omega}{\lambda \sin \omega t} $
These are the required expressions.
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Thinking process :
This question need the use of integration in order to find the total magnetic flux linked with the loop.
Ans.
Let us consider a strip of length $l$ and width $d r$ at a distance $r$ from infinite long current carrying wire. The magnetic field at strip due to current carrying wire is given by
Total flux through the loop is
$\text{ Field } B(r)=\frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi r} \text{ (out of paper) }$
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$\text{ Flux }=$
$\frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi} \ln \int_{x_{0^x}} \frac{dr}{r}$
$=\frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi} \ln \frac{x}{x_0}$
The emf induced can be obtained by differentiating the e(i. ) wrt $t$ and then applying Ohm’s law
$\frac{\varepsilon}{R}=I$
We have, induced current $=\frac{1}{R} \frac{d \phi}{d t}=\frac{\varepsilon}{R}=\frac{\mu_0 I}{2 \pi} \frac{\lambda}{R} \ln \frac{x}{x_0}$
$\because \frac{d I}{d t}=\lambda$
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Ques. A rectangular loop of wire $A B C D$ is kept close to an infinitely long wire carrying a current $I(t)=I_0(1-t / T)$ for $0 \leq t \leq T$ and $I(0)=0$ for $t>T$ (figure.). Find the total charge passing through a given point in the loop, in time $T$. The resistance of the loop is $R$.
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Thinking process :
The charge passes through the circuit can be obtained by finding the relation between instantaneous current and instantaneous magnetic flux linked with it.
Ans.
The emf induced can be obtained by differentiating the expression of magnetic flux linked wrt $t$ and then applying Ohm’s law
$I=\frac{E}{R}=\frac{1}{R} \frac{d \phi}{d t}$
We know that electric current
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$I(t)=\frac{d Q}{d t} \text{ or } \frac{d Q}{d t}=\frac{1}{R} \frac{d \phi}{d t}$
Integrating the variable separable form of differential equation for finding the charge $Q$ that passed in time $t$, we have
$Q(t_1)-Q(t_2) =\frac{1}{R}[\phi(t_1)-\phi(t_2)] $
$\phi(t_1) =L_1 \frac{\mu_0}{2 \pi} \int_x^{L_2+x} \frac{d x^{\prime}}{x^{\prime}} I(t_1) $
[Refer to the E(i) of answer no. 25]
$ =\frac{\mu_0 L_1}{2 \pi} I(t_1) \ln \frac{L_2+x}{x} $
<Success>Sol. to be continued …</Success>
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Ques. A magnetic field ${B}$ is confined to a region $r \leq a$ and points out of the paper (the $z$-axis), $r=0$ being the centre of the circular region. A charged ring (charge $=Q$ ) of radius $b, b>a$ and mass $m$ lies in the $x-y$ plane with its centre at the origin. The ring is free to rotate and is at rest. The magnetic field is brought to zero in time $\Delta t$. Find the angular velocity $\omega$ of the ring after the field vanishes.
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Thinking process :
The decrease in magnetic field causes induced emf and hence, electric field around ring. The torque experienced by the ring produces change in angular momentum.
Ans.
Since, the magnetic field is brought to zero in time $\Delta t$, the magnetic flux linked with the ring also reduces from maximum to zero. This, in turn, induces an emf in ring by the phenomenon of EMI. The induces emf causes the electric field $E$ generation around the ring.
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If $\Delta L$ is the change in angular momentum
$\Delta \nu=\text{ Torque } \times \Delta t=Q \frac{B a^{2}}{2}$
Since, initial angular momentum $=0$
Now, since $\quad$ Torque $\times \Delta t=$ Change in angular momentum
Final angular momentum $=m b^{2} \omega=\frac{Q B a^{2}}{2}$
$\omega=\frac{Q B a^{2}}{2 m b^{2}}$
On rearranging the terms, we have the required expression of angular speed.
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Ques. A rod of mass $m$ and resistance $R$ slides smoothly over two parallel perfectly conducting wires kept sloping at an angle $\theta$ with respect to the horizontal (figure). The circuit is closed through a perfect conductor at the top. There is a constant magnetic field ${B}$ along the vertical direction. If the rod is initially at rest, find the velocity of the rod as a function of time.
<img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/snip/images/EXG2HKL6Qe2fyTGUiR5V1nvUXzFFwKPvNdjsQEG9IZg.original.fullsize.png" height="200px">
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Thinking process :
This problem combines the mechanics, EMI, magnetic force and linear differential equation.
Ans.
Here, the component of magnetic field perpendicular the plane $=B \cos \theta$
Now, the conductor moves with speed $v$ perpendicular to B $\cos \theta$ component of magnetic field. This causes motional emf across two ends of rod, which is given by $=v(B \cos \theta) d$
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This makes flow of induced current $i=\frac{v(B \cos \theta) d}{R}$ where, $R$ is the resistance of rod. Now, current carrying rod experience force which is given by $F=i B d$ (horizontally in backward direction). Now, the component of magnetic force parallel to incline plane along upward direction $=F \cos \theta=i B d \cos \theta=\frac{v(B \cos \theta) d}{R} B d \cos \theta$ where, $v=\frac{d x}{d t}$
Also, the component of weight $(mg)$ parallel to incline plane along downward direction $=m g \sin \theta$.
Now, by Newton’s second law of motion
$m \frac{d^{2} x}{d t^{2}} =m g \sin \theta-\frac{B \cos \theta d}{R} \frac{d x}{d t} \times(B d) \cos \theta $
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$\frac{d v}{d t} =g \sin \theta-\frac{B^{2} d^{2}}{m R}(\cos \theta)^{2} v $
$\frac{d v}{d t} +\frac{B^{2} d^{2}}{m R}(\cos \theta)^{2} v=g \sin \theta $
But, this is the linear differential equation.
On solving, we get
$v=\frac{g \sin \theta}{\frac{B^{2} d^{2} \cos ^{2} \theta}{m R}}+A \exp -\frac{B^{2} d^{2}}{m R}(\cos ^{2} \theta) t$
$A$ is a constant to be determine by initial conditions.
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Thinking process :
This problem combines the concept of EMI, charging of capacitor and linear differential equation.
Ans.
The conductor of length $d$ moves with speed $v$, perpendicular to magnetic field $B$ as shown in figure. This produces motional emf across two ends of rod, which is given by $=v B d$. Since, switch $S$ is closed at time $t=0$. capacitor is charged by this potential difference. Let $Q(t)$ is charge on the capacitor and current flows from $A$ to $B$.
Now, the induced current
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Thinking process :
This problem combines the concept of EMI, growth of current in inductor and linear differential equation.
Ans.
The conductor of length $d$ moves with speed $v$, perpendicular to magnetic field ${B}$ as shown in figure. This produces motional emf across two ends of rod, which is given by $=v B d$.
Since, switch $S$ is closed at time $t=0$. current start growing in inductor by the potential difference due to motional emf.
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Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule, we have
$-L \frac{d I}{d t}+v B d=I R \text{ or } L \frac{d I}{d t}+I R=v B d$
This is the linear differential equation. On solving, we get
$ I=\frac{V B d}{R}+A e^{-R t / 2} $
$ \text{ At } t=0 \quad I=0 $
$ \Rightarrow A=-\frac{v B d}{R} \Rightarrow I=\frac{v B d}{R}(1-e^{-R t / L}) $
This is the required expression of current.
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Ques. A metallic ring of mass $m$ and radius $l$ (ring being horizontal) is falling under gravity in a region having a magnetic field. If $z$ is the vertical direction, the $z$-component of magnetic field is $B_z=B_0(1+\lambda z)$. If $R$ is the resistance of the ring and if the ring falls with a velocity $v$, find the energy lost in the resistance. If the ring has reached a constant velocity, use the conservation of energy to determine $v$ in terms of $m, B$, $\lambda$ and acceleration due to gravity $g$.
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Thinking process :
This problem establishes a relationship between induced current, power lost and velocity acquired by freely falling ring.
Ans.
The magnetic flux linked with the metallic ring of mass $m$ and radius $l$ falling under gravity in a region having a magnetic field whose $z$-component of magnetic field is $B_z=B_0(1+\lambda z)$ is
$\phi=B_z(\pi l^{2})=B_0(1+\lambda z)(\pi l^{2})$
Applying Faraday’s law of EMI, we have emf induced given by $\frac{d \phi}{d t}=$ rate of change of flux Also, by Ohm’s law
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Thinking process :
This problem require an insight to magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid having varying current which induces emf in coil of radius $B$.
Ans.
Magnetic field due to a solenoid $S, B=\mu_0 n l$ where signs are as usual.
Magnetic flux in smaller coil $\phi=N B A$, where
$A=\pi b^{2}$
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