<h5 id="11-introduction">1.1 Introduction</h5> <ul> <li>The text is a list of employees with their details.</li> <li>Each employee is identified by a unique code, such as 25550E0O2 or 33100E0O3.</li> <li>The details include name, date of joining and leaving (if applicable), designation, and employee code.</li> <li>The designations listed are Sal esman, Peon, Receptionist, and Sal es man.</li> <li>The date format is year-month-day.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="12-functions-in-sql">1.2 Functions in SQL</h5> <ul> <li>A function in SQL is used to perform specific tasks and returns zero or more values.</li> <li>Functions can be applied to work on single or multiple records of a table.</li> <li>Based on their application, SQL functions are categorized into: <ul> <li>Single row functions: Perform operations on a single row and return a single value.</li> <li>Aggregate functions: Perform operations on multiple rows and return a single value.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="121-single-row-functions">1.2.1 Single Row Functions</h5> <ul> <li>The text provides four dates: December 12, 2017, January 8, 1999, December 2, 2010, and October 23, 2013.</li> <li>There are no equations or formulae present in the text.</li> <li>Examples and their solutions are also not included in the text.</li> <li>The text appears to be a list of dates, possibly a timeline or sequence of events.</li> <li>The purpose or context of these dates is not provided in the text.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="122-aggregate-functions">1.2.2 Aggregate Functions</h5> <p>I’m sorry for the confusion, but it seems there’s a misunderstanding. The text you provided, “548306.5000001 row in set (0.03 sec)”, doesn’t contain any summarizable information. Could you please provide the correct text? I’m here to help and I want to ensure I provide the most accurate and useful response.</p> <p>In the meantime, here’s a general response based on a hypothetical text:</p> <ul> <li>The text could be about a mathematical concept.</li> <li>It might involve equations or formulae.</li> <li>There could be applications or examples of this concept.</li> <li>The concept might be related to a specific field, like physics or computer science.</li> <li>Understanding this concept could be crucial for further study in this field.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="13-group-by-in-sql">1.3 GROUP BY In SQL</h5> <ul> <li>Bank finance refers to the services provided by a bank to its customers that relate to management of their funds.</li> <li>Credit cards are a type of bank card which allow the cardholder to borrow money from the bank or the card issuer up to a certain limit.</li> <li>The formula to calculate the annual percentage rate (APR) for credit cards is APR = (fees + interest rate) x 365.</li> <li>The monthly payment on a credit card can be calculated using the formula: monthly payment = (principal x monthly interest rate) / (1 - (1 + monthly interest rate)^-number of payments).</li> <li>The total cost of credit over the life of a credit card can be calculated by adding the total interest paid and any fees associated with the card.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="14-operations-on-relations">1.4 Operations on Relations</h5> <ul> <li>Relations can undergo operations such as Union, Intersection, and Set Difference.</li> <li>These are binary operations, requiring two tables (relations) with an equal number of attributes and corresponding attributes having the same domain.</li> <li>Union: Combines tuples from both relations where the tuples are either in one relation or the other, or in both.</li> <li>Intersection: Includes tuples that are common to both relations.</li> <li>Set Difference: Contains tuples that are only in the first relation and not in the second.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="141-union-u">1.4.1 UNION (U)</h5> <ul> <li>The text provides a list of students with their respective classes and sections.</li> <li>The students are: Aastha (7A2), Mahira (6A3), Mohit (7B4), Sanjay (7A1), Mehak (8A3), Lavanya (7A5), and Abhay (8A).</li> <li>There are no equations or formulae provided in the text.</li> <li>Examples and their solutions are also not included in the text.</li> <li>The summarized information is clear and short, focusing on the student names, classes, and sections.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="142-intersect--">1.4.2 INTERSECT ( )</h5> <ul> <li>The text appears to be about a student-teacher interaction.</li> <li>The students mentioned are Mahira from class 6A4 and Sanjay from 7A.</li> <li>The conversation between them might be related to a particular subject or topic, but the text provided does not give enough information for further detail.</li> <li>There are no equations or formulae present in the text.</li> <li>The text does not contain any examples or their solutions.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="143-minus--">1.4.3 MINUS (-)</h5> <ul> <li>The text provided does not contain a cohesive narrative or any equations or formulae to summarize.</li> <li>It appears to be a list of names and possible class designations.</li> <li>There are three individuals listed: Mehak (class 8A3), Lavanya (class 7A5), and Abhay (class 8A).</li> <li>No further context or information is available in the text to summarize.</li> <li>The text, as provided, does not have a clear objective or topic.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="144-cartesian-product">1.4.4 Cartesian Product</h5> <ul> <li>The text appears to be a list of students and their respective classes, sections, and roll numbers.</li> <li>The students mentioned are Aastha (7A), Mehak (8A2, 8A3, 8A4, 8A1), Mahira (6A, 6A2, 6A3, 6A4, 6A1, 7A2, 7A3), Mohit (7B), Sanjay (7A2, 7A3, 7A4, 7A1), Lavanya (7A2, 7A3), and Abhay (8A2, 8A3, 8A4, 8A20).</li> <li>Each student has multiple roll numbers, which indicates they might be part of different sections or subjects within their grade level.</li> <li>There are no equations or formulae provided in the text.</li> <li>Examples and their solutions are also not included in the text.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="15-using-two-relations-in-a-query">1.5 Using Two Relations in a Query</h5> <ul> <li>The text introduces the concept of writing SQL queries using two relations, as opposed to single relation queries covered previously.</li> <li>Two relations can be joined in SQL using the JOIN keyword.</li> <li>There are several types of JOINs: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.</li> <li>INNER JOIN returns records that have matching values in both tables.</li> <li>LEFT JOIN returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table. If there is no match, the result is NULL on the right side.</li> <li>RIGHT JOIN returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table. If there is no match, the result is NULL on the left side.</li> <li>FULL JOIN returns all records when there is a match in either the left or the right table. If there is no match, the result is NULL on both sides.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="151-cartesian-product-on-two-tables">1.5.1 Cartesian product on two tables</h5> <ul> <li>The text discusses the concept of table aliases in databases.</li> <li>An alias is a shortened name given to a table for ease of reference in a query.</li> <li>The alias is only valid for the current query and cannot be used in place of the original table name in subsequent queries.</li> <li>The use of table aliases can help to make queries more concise and easier to read.</li> <li>No equations or specific examples are provided in the text.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="152-join-on-two-tables">1.5.2 JOIN on two tables</h5> <ul> <li>The text discusses the application of JOIN operations in database management.</li> <li>Two tables can be joined on a common attribute using either the JOIN clause with an ON clause or the NATURAL JOIN in the FROM clause.</li> <li>For three tables, two JOIN or NATURAL JOIN are required to meet the equality condition.</li> <li>In general, N-1 joins are needed to combine N tables on equality condition.</li> <li>The JOIN clause allows for the use of relational operators to combine tuples of two tables.</li> <li>The concept of Ucode is also introduced, which uniquely identifies each tuple in the output.</li> </ul> <p>======</p>