<h5 id="changing-pattern-of-the-composition-of-indias-exports">Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Exports</h5> <ul> <li>The share of agriculture and allied products in India’s international trade has decreased from 10.0 in 2009-10 to 9.9 in 2010-11 and further to 12.3 in 2016-17.</li> <li>The share of ore and minerals has slightly increased from 1.6 in 2010-11 to 1.9 in 2016-17.</li> <li>The share of manufactured goods has remained relatively constant from 68.0 in 2010-11 to 73.6 in 2016-17.</li> <li>The share of crude and petroleum products has decreased from 16.8 in 2010-11 to 11.7 in 2016-17.</li> <li>The manufacturing sector, specifically engineering goods and gems and jewellery, has shown significant growth in exports. China and other East Asian countries are the major competitors in this sector.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="changing-patterns-of-the-composition-of-indias-import">Changing Patterns of the Composition of India’s Import</h5> <ul> <li>The text provides information about various industries in India as per the Economic Survey 2016-17.</li> <li>The fertiliser industry is discussed with aspects like production, consumption, and import of nutrients such as urea, phosphatic and potassic fertilisers.</li> <li>The chemical sector summary includes data on chemical production, sales, and export trends.</li> <li>The non-ferrous metals section covers the production of aluminium, copper, and zinc.</li> <li>The iron and steel industry is discussed in terms of production and consumption of finished and semi-finished steel.</li> <li>The petroleum, oil, and lubricants section provides data on production, import, and consumption of petroleum products.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="direction-of-trade">Direction of Trade</h5> <ul> <li>The text provides trade data for India in two time periods: 2010-11 and 2016-17.</li> <li>The major trading partners are Europe, Africa, North America, Latin America, and Asia and ASEAN.</li> <li>The trade values (in thousands) for these partners in 2010-11 were: Europe - 323857, Africa - 118612, North America - 100602, Latin America - 64576, and Asia and ASEAN - 1029881.</li> <li>The trade values (in thousands) for these partners in 2016-17 were: Europe - 403972, Africa - 193327, North America - 195332, Latin America - 115762, and Asia and ASEAN - 1544520.</li> <li>India aims to double its share in international trade in the next five years, and has started implementing measures such as import liberalization, reduction in import duties, delicensing, and change from process to product patents.</li> <li>Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes, with a small portion carried through land routes to neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="sea-ports-as-gateways-of-international-trade">Sea Ports as Gateways of International Trade</h5> <ul> <li>India has a long coastline with more ports on the west coast than the east coast due to historical and geographical reasons.</li> <li>Post-independence, the number of major and minor ports increased to 12 and 200 respectively, with major ports under central government regulation and minor ports under state control.</li> <li>The ports handle domestic and overseas trade, with modern infrastructure and private participation in modernization. The port capacity increased from 20 million tonnes in 1951 to 837 million tonnes in 2016.</li> <li>Major ports include Kandla, Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochchi, Kolkata, Haldia, Paradwip, Visakhapatnam, and Chennai, each with specific hinterlands and cargo specialties.</li> <li>Newly developed ports like Ennore and Tuticorin are constructed to relieve pressure at existing ports, handling various cargo including coal, food grains, and petroleum products.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="airports">Airports</h5> <ul> <li>Air transport is a crucial component of international trade, particularly for high-value and perishable goods over long distances, despite being costly and unsuitable for heavy and bulky commodities.</li> <li>There were 25 major airports in the country (Annual Report 2016-17), including Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram, Srinagar, Jaipur, Calicut, Nagpur, Coimbatore, Cochin, Lucknow, Pune, Chandigarh, Mangaluru, Vishakhapatnam, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar and Kannur.</li> <li>The number of air routes converge in cities that are major economic, political, or cultural hubs, or have strategic geographical locations.</li> <li>The state with the maximum number of domestic airports cannot be identified from the text provided.</li> <li>The text does not include any equations or formulae.</li> </ul> <p>======</p>