<h5 id="transport">TRANSPORT</h5> <ul> <li>Transport is a service facilitating movement of people and goods over land, water, and air.</li> <li>It includes land transport (roads, railways), waterways (shipping), and airways.</li> <li>Pipelines are used to transport liquified forms of materials like petroleum, natural gas.</li> <li>Transportation is a organized industry that satisfies basic needs of society, including transport arteries, vehicles, and handling facilities.</li> <li>A transport network consists of places (nodes) joined by routes (links) to form a pattern.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="modes-of-transportation">MODES OF TRANSPORTATION</h5> <ul> <li>The primary modes of transportation are land, water, air, and pipelines, each with its own advantages.</li> <li>Ocean freighters are typically used for international movement of goods, while road transport is more suitable for shorter distances and door-to-door services.</li> <li>Railways are ideal for large volumes of bulky materials over long distances within a country.</li> <li>High-value, light, and perishable goods are best transported via airways.</li> <li>A well-managed transportation system involves the complementary use of these different modes based on the type of goods and services, costs, and availability.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="land-transport">Land Transport</h5> <ul> <li>In the past, land transportation relied on humans and animals, with the invention of the wheel making carts and wagons important.</li> <li>The steam engine revolutionized land transportation with railways becoming the most popular and fastest form of transport in the 19th century.</li> <li>The internal combustion engine revolutionized road transport, improving road quality and introducing motor cars and trucks.</li> <li>Newer developments in land transportation include pipelines, ropeways, and cableways, which are commonly found on steep mountain slopes and in mines.</li> <li>The cheapest forms of transportation are railways, ocean vessels, barges, boats, motor trucks, and pipelines, while the most expensive are human porters, pack animals, carts, or wagons.</li> <li>Pack animals such as horses, dogs, reindeer, mules, camels, and bullocks are used in different regions and environments for transportation.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="roads">Roads</h5> <ul> <li>Road transport is more economical for short distances than railways, and offers door-to-door service for freight transport.</li> <li>The quality of roads varies greatly between developed and developing countries due to differences in road construction and maintenance costs.</li> <li>Developed countries have extensive motorways, autobahns, and interstate highways for speedy movement, while the world’s road system is not well developed.</li> <li>Traffic congestion has increased dramatically in recent years, particularly in cities, due to growing traffic flows and inadequate road networks.</li> <li>Possible solutions for urban transport problems include higher parking fees, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), improved public bus service, and expressways.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="highways">Highways</h5> <ul> <li>Highways are metalled roads that connect distant places, constructed for unobstructed vehicular movement.</li> <li>They are typically 80m wide with separate traffic lanes, bridges, flyovers, and dual carriageways.</li> <li>In developed countries, highways are densely constructed, about 0.65 km per sq. km, with every place within 20 km distance from a highway.</li> <li>Examples include the Trans-Canadian Highway, Alaskan Highway, Pan-American Highway, TransContinental Stuart Highway, and highways in Russia, China, India, and Africa.</li> <li>The density and extent of highways vary based on the geographical area, competition from other modes of transport, and development level of the region.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="border-roads">Border Roads</h5> <ul> <li>Border roads are defined as roads laid along international boundaries.</li> <li>They serve a dual purpose: integrating people in remote areas with major cities and providing defense.</li> <li>These roads are essential for transporting goods to border villages and military camps.</li> <li>They are present in almost all countries, indicating their importance in both civilian and military contexts.</li> <li>By improving accessibility to remote areas, border roads also play a role in national defense and security.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="railways">Railways</h5> <ul> <li>Railways are a mode of land transport for bulky goods and passengers over long distances.</li> <li>The standard gauge is 1.44 m and is used in the UK. Commuter trains are popular in the UK, USA, Japan, and India, carrying millions of passengers daily.</li> <li>Europe has one of the densest rail networks, with 4,40,000 km of railways, most of which is double or multiple-tracked. Belgium has the highest density of 1 km of railway for every 6.5 sq km area.</li> <li>North America has one of the most extensive rail networks, with nearly 40% of the world’s total. In contrast to many European countries, the railways are used more for long-distance bulky freight.</li> <li>In Asia, the rail network is the most dense in the thickly populated areas of Japan, China, and India. Africa has only 40,000 km of railways, with South Africa alone accounting for 18,000 km.</li> <li>The trans-continental rail route linking Buenos Aires (Argentina) with Valparaiso (Chile) across the Andes Mountains through the Uspallatta Pass is the only one in South America.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="trans-continental-railways">Trans-Continental Railways</h5> <ul> <li>Trans-continental railways span a continent, connecting two distant ends.</li> <li>They were primarily built for economic and political reasons.</li> <li>The railways aimed to facilitate long-distance travel in various directions.</li> <li>Notable trans-continental railways include those in America, Russia, and China.</li> <li>These railways significantly impacted the development and integration of their respective continents.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="trans-siberian-railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</h5> <ul> <li>The Trans-Siberian Railway is a major rail route in Russia, stretching from St. Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast in the east.</li> <li>It runs through several significant cities, including Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita, and Khabarovsk, and is the longest (9,332 km) double-tracked and electrified transcontinental railway in the world.</li> <li>The railway plays a crucial role in connecting West European markets with Russia’s Asian region, passing through the Ural Mountains and the Ob and Yenisei rivers.</li> <li>Chita is an essential agrocenter, and Irkutsk is a well-known fur center along the route.</li> <li>There are connecting links to the south, including routes to Odessa in Ukraine, Baku on the Caspian Coast, Tashkent in Uzbekistan, Ulan Bator in Mongolia, and Shenyang and Beijing in China.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="trans-canadian-railways">Trans-Canadian Railways</h5> <ul> <li>The Trans-Canadian Railways is a 7,050 km long rail-line in Canada, constructed in 1886.</li> <li>It runs from Halifax in the east to Vancouver on the Pacific Coast, passing through Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg, and Calgary.</li> <li>It initially served to connect British Columbia with the rest of Canada, and later gained economic significance by linking the Quebec-Montreal Industrial Region, the Prairie Region wheat belt, and the Coniferous Forest region.</li> <li>The rail-line contributes to the economic complementarity of these regions.</li> <li>A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay (Lake Superior) connects this rail-line with a significant waterway, further enhancing its economic importance.</li> <li>Wheat and meat are the primary exports on this route, making it Canada’s economic artery.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-union-and-pacific-railway">The Union and Pacific Railway</h5> <ul> <li>The Union and Pacific Railway is a rail-line that connects New York on the Atlantic Coast to San Francisco on the Pacific Coast.</li> <li>Major cities it passes through include Cleveland, Chicago, Omaha, Evans, Ogden, and Sacramento.</li> <li>The most valuable exports on this route are ores, grain, paper, chemicals, and machinery.</li> <li>The Trans-Siberian Railway and the Trans-Canadian Railway are similar long-distance railways.</li> <li>Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show the routes of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Trans-Canadian Railway, respectively.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-australian-trans-continental-railway">The Australian Trans-Continental Railway</h5> <ul> <li>The Australian Trans-Continental Railway is a west-east running rail-line.</li> <li>It starts from Perth on the west coast and ends at Sydney on the east coast.</li> <li>Major cities and towns it passes through are Kalgoorlie, Broken Hill, and Port Augusta.</li> <li>Another north-south line connects Adelaide and Alice Springs.</li> <li>This north-south line will be further joined to the Darwin-Birdum line.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-orient-express">The Orient Express</h5> <ul> <li>The Orient Express runs from Paris to Istanbul, passing through Strasbourg, Munich, Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade.</li> <li>The journey time from London to Istanbul is now 96 hours, which is significantly less than the 10 days taken by sea-route.</li> <li>The primary exports on this rail-route include cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, and machinery.</li> <li>There is a proposal to construct a Trans-Asiatic Railway, aiming to link Istanbul with Bangkok via Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.</li> <li>This new railway would potentially improve connectivity and trade relations between Asia and Europe.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="water-transport">WATER TRANSPORT</h5> <ul> <li>Water transportation does not require route construction as oceans are interconnected and negotiable with ships of various sizes.</li> <li>It is a much cheaper mode of transport due to less friction, resulting in lower energy costs.</li> <li>Water transport is categorized into sea routes and inland waterways.</li> <li>Inland waterways play a significant role in transportation, as seen in the view of the Seine River from the Eiffel Tower.</li> <li>The Australian Trans-Continental Railway (Fig. 7.7) and the Seine River (Fig. 7.8) are examples of water transport and inland waterways.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="sea-routes">Sea Routes</h5> <ul> <li>The oceans provide a cost-effective transportation route for sea-going vessels, offering a smooth highway with minimal maintenance costs.</li> <li>Compared to land and air, ocean transport is more economical for hauling bulky materials over long distances between continents.</li> <li>Modern passenger liners and cargo ships are equipped with advanced navigation aids such as radar, wireless communication, and other navigation devices.</li> <li>The development of specialized ships, refrigerated chambers for perishable goods, and tankers has significantly improved cargo transport.</li> <li>The use of containers has revolutionized cargo handling at major ports around the world.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="important-sea-routes">Important Sea Routes</h5> <ul> <li>Figure 8.9 illustrates major sea routes.</li> <li>The text focuses on discussing some important sea routes in detail.</li> <li>No equations or formulae are provided in the text.</li> <li>Examples and their solutions are also not included in the text.</li> <li>The summarized text aims to be brief and clear, following the given instructions.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-northern-atlantic-sea-route">The Northern Atlantic Sea Route</h5> <ul> <li>The Northern Atlantic Sea Route links North-eastern USA and Northwestern Europe, two industrially developed regions.</li> <li>This route is the busiest in the world, handling one fourth of the world’s foreign trade, also known as the Big Trunk Route.</li> <li>The route has advanced ports and harbor facilities on both coasts.</li> <li>Important ports on the US coast include New York, Baltimore, and Norfolk.</li> <li>Important ports on the Western European coast include Rotterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg.</li> <li>The International Boundary in the map may not be authentic.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-mediterranean-indian-ocean-sea-route">The Mediterranean-Indian Ocean Sea Route</h5> <ul> <li>The Mediterranean-Indian Ocean Sea Route is a significant trade route that serves more countries and people than any other route.</li> <li>Important ports on this route include Port Said, Aden, Mumbai, Colombo, and Singapore.</li> <li>The construction of the Suez Canal has significantly reduced the distance and time required to travel this route compared to the earlier route via the Cape of Good Hope.</li> <li>The Cape of Good Hope route is approximately 11,000 miles long, while the Suez Canal route is around 5,000 miles.</li> <li>This route passes through the heart of the Old World, connecting the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-cape-of-good-hope-sea-route">The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route</h5> <ul> <li>The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route is a significant trade route connecting Western Europe to West Africa, South Africa, South-east Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.</li> <li>This route has seen increased traffic and trade due to the development of natural resources in East and West Africa, including gold, diamond, copper, tin, groundnut, oil palm, coffee, and fruits.</li> <li>The route is particularly important for the commercial agriculture and livestock economies of Australia and New Zealand.</li> <li>No specific equations or formulae are provided in the text.</li> <li>The text does not include any examples or their solutions.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-southern-atlantic-sea-route">The Southern Atlantic Sea Route</h5> <ul> <li>The Southern Atlantic Sea Route is a significant route connecting West European and West African countries with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.</li> <li>The route’s traffic is less due to limited development and population in South America and Africa.</li> <li>Major industries are found in southeastern Brazil, Plata estuary, and parts of South Africa.</li> <li>There is minimal traffic between Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town due to similar products and resources in both regions.</li> <li>The route’s importance lies in connecting Europe, Africa, and South America, although it experiences less traffic compared to other Atlantic routes.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-north-pacific-sea-route">The North Pacific Sea Route</h5> <ul> <li>The North Pacific Sea Route is a significant trade route that converges at Honolulu and links ports on the west coast of North America with those in Asia.</li> <li>The direct route on the Great Circle, which links Vancouver and Yokohama, reduces traveling distance by approximately 2,480 km.</li> <li>The North American ports included in this route are Vancouver, Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.</li> <li>The Asian ports included in this route are Yokohama, Kobe, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.</li> <li>This sea route is vital for trade and reduces traveling distance between the ports of North America and Asia.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-south-pacific-sea-route">The South Pacific Sea Route</h5> <ul> <li>The South Pacific Sea Route connects Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and various Pacific islands.</li> <li>It also serves as a path to reach Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Indonesia.</li> <li>The distance between Panama and Sydney on this route is 12,000 km.</li> <li>Honolulu is a significant port on this sea route.</li> <li>The route uses the Panama Canal for transiting between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="coastal-shipping">Coastal Shipping</h5> <ul> <li>Coastal shipping is a cost-effective mode of water transport, particularly suitable for countries with extensive coastlines.</li> <li>It provides a convenient alternative to land-based routes, serving as a connection between different regions of a country.</li> <li>Countries like the USA, China, and India can greatly benefit from this mode of transportation.</li> <li>In Europe, the Shenzhen States are ideally located for coastal shipping, connecting one member’s coast to another.</li> <li>Proper development of coastal shipping can significantly reduce congestion on land routes.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="shipping-canals">Shipping Canals</h5> <ul> <li>The Suez Canal and the Panama Canal are significant man-made shipping canals.</li> <li>They serve as crucial connections, linking the eastern and western worlds.</li> <li>The Suez Canal, located in Egypt, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.</li> <li>The Panama Canal, situated in Central America, connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.</li> <li>Both canals contribute significantly to global commerce by reducing travel distance and time for ships.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-suez-canal">The Suez Canal</h5> <ul> <li>The Suez Canal was constructed in 1869 in Egypt, connecting Port Said in the north and Port Suez in the south, linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.</li> <li>It is a sea-level canal, 160 km long, 11-15 m deep, and allows for the passage of approximately 100 ships per day. Each ship takes around 10-12 hours to cross the canal.</li> <li>The canal significantly reduces the direct sea-route distance between Liverpool and Colombo compared to the Cape of Good Hope route.</li> <li>There is a railway that follows the canal to Suez, with a branch line from Ismailia to Cairo. A navigable fresh-water canal from the Nile also joins the Suez Canal in Ismailia to supply fresh-water to Port Said and Suez.</li> <li>The tolls for using the canal are high, often making it more cost-effective for ships to take the longer Cape Route if time is not a critical factor.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-panama-canal">The Panama Canal</h5> <ul> <li>The Panama Canal is a 72 km waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, constructed by the US government.</li> <li>It has a six-lock system, with a 26 m change in levels, and involves a deep cutting for 12 km of its length.</li> <li>The canal significantly shortens distances between various destinations such as New York and San Francisco, Western Europe and the West-coast of USA, and North-eastern/Central USA and East/South-east Asia.</li> <li>Economically, it is less significant than the Suez Canal but plays a vital role in Latin America’s economy.</li> <li>After the Nicaraguan canal opens, there might be an impact on traffic in the Panama Canal, potentially leading to competition for shipping routes and economic implications.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="inland-waterways">Inland Waterways</h5> <ul> <li> <p>Inland waterways, such as rivers, canals, lakes, and coastal areas, have been crucial transport routes for cargo and passengers since ancient times.</p> </li> <li> <p>The navigability of inland waterways depends on factors like channel width and depth, water flow continuity, and transport technology. Rivers are the primary means of transport in dense forests, used for moving heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber, and metallic ores.</p> </li> <li> <p>The importance of rivers as inland waterways declined in the past due to competition from railways, reduced water availability caused by diversion for irrigation, and poor maintenance.</p> </li> <li> <p>Despite limitations, rivers have been developed for transport by dredging, stabilizing riverbanks, and constructing dams and barrages to regulate water flow.</p> </li> <li> <p>Some of the world’s vital commercial waterways include major rivers like the Rhine, Danube, Volga, Yangtze, and Mississippi, which serve as significant transportation routes for international trade.</p> </li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-rhine-waterways">The Rhine Waterways</h5> <ul> <li>The Rhine waterway flows through Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, and is navigable for 700 km from Rotterdam to Basel.</li> <li>Ocean-going vessels can reach up to Cologne, and the Ruhr river, which joins the Rhine from the east, flows through a rich coalfield, making the region a prosperous manufacturing area.</li> <li>Dusseldorf is the Rhine port for the Ruhr region, and huge tonnage moves along the stretch south of the Ruhr, making it the world’s most heavily used waterway.</li> <li>Over 20,000 ocean-going ships and 2,00,000 inland vessels exchange their cargoes annually, connecting the industrial areas of Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands with the North Atlantic Sea Route.</li> <li>The Rhine waterway is a crucial transportation route for these countries, facilitating the exchange of goods and raw materials.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-danube-waterway">The Danube Waterway</h5> <ul> <li>The Danube Waterway is a significant inland waterway in Eastern Europe.</li> <li>The river originates in the Black Forest and flows eastwards, passing through numerous countries.</li> <li>It is navigable up to Turnu Severin.</li> <li>Major export items include wheat, maize, timber, and machinery.</li> <li>The Danube Waterway is not depicted in the provided figure, which shows the Rhine Waterway (Fig. 7.14).</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-volga-waterway">The Volga Waterway</h5> <ul> <li>The Volga Waterway is one of the most important waterways in Russia.</li> <li>It provides a navigable route of 11,200 km and drains into the Caspian Sea.</li> <li>The Volga-Moscow Canal connects the Volga with the Moscow region.</li> <li>The Volga-Don Canal links the Volga to the Black Sea.</li> <li>These connections make the Volga a crucial part of Russia’s inland waterway system.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-great-lakes---st-lawrence-seaway">The Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway</h5> <ul> <li>The Great Lakes of North America include Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.</li> <li>They are connected by the Soo Canal and Welland Canal, forming an inland waterway with the estuary of the St. Lawrence River.</li> <li>This route, including the Great Lakes, is a unique commercial waterway in the northern part of North America, with well-equipped ports like Duluth and Buffalo.</li> <li>Large oceangoing vessels can navigate up the river to Montreal, but have to trans-ship to smaller vessels due to rapids.</li> <li>Canals up to 3.5m deep have been constructed to avoid these rapids.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-mississippi-waterways">The Mississippi Waterways</h5> <ul> <li>The Mississippi-Ohio waterway is a significant transportation route in the USA.</li> <li>This waterway connects the interior part of the country to the Gulf of Mexico in the south.</li> <li>It is navigable by large steamers up to Minneapolis.</li> <li>The waterway consists of the Mississippi River and the Ohio River.</li> <li>It plays a crucial role in the commercial transportation of goods within the USA.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="air-transport">AIR TRANSPORT</h5> <ul> <li>Air transport is the fastest and most costly means of transportation, preferred for long-distance travel and valuable cargo movement.</li> <li>It is the only means to reach inaccessible areas, overcoming geographical barriers such as mountainous snow fields or desert terrains, and increasing accessibility.</li> <li>Airways have great strategic importance, as seen in air strikes by U.S. and British forces, and require elaborate infrastructure like hangars, landing, fuelling, and maintenance facilities.</li> <li>The manufacturing and operation of aircraft have made it possible for no place in the world to be more than 35 hours away, with frequent air services available to many parts of the world.</li> <li>Supersonic aircraft can cover distances between major cities, such as London and New York, within three and a half hours, potentially changing the future course of air transport.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="inter-continental-air-routes">Inter-Continental Air Routes</h5> <ul> <li>The Northern Hemisphere has a prominent east-west belt of inter-continental air routes.</li> <li>Major networks are found in Eastern USA, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia, with the USA accounting for 60% of the world’s airways.</li> <li>Key nodal points where air routes converge or radiate to all continents include New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Rome, Moscow, Karachi, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Chicago.</li> <li>Africa, the Asiatic part of Russia, and South America have limited or no air services due to sparse population, limited landmass, and economic development.</li> <li>The Southern Hemisphere has limited air services between 10-35 latitudes due to similar reasons.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="pipelines">PIPELINES</h5> <ul> <li>Pipelines are essential for transporting liquids and gases, including water, cooking gas, liquidified coal, milk, petroleum, and natural gas.</li> <li>They are particularly prevalent in the USA, where about 17% of all freight per tonne-km is carried through pipelines, and there is a dense network of oil pipelines from producing areas to folders.</li> <li>Pipelines are also extensively used in Europe, Russia, West Asia, and India to connect oil wells to refineries, and to ports or domestic markets.</li> <li>Notable pipelines include the Big Inch, which carries petroleum from the oil wells of the Gulf of Mexico to the North-eastern States, and the proposed Iran-India via Pakistan international oil and natural gas pipeline, which will be the longest in the world.</li> <li>Turkmenistan in Central Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and parts of China. In New Zealand, milk is supplied through pipelines from farms to factories.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="communications">COMMUNICATIONS</h5> <ul> <li>The telegraph was a significant tool in the colonization of the American West and the telephone was critical in the urbanization of America.</li> <li>During the 20th century, AT&T held a monopoly over the U.S telephone industry, with the telephone becoming the most commonly used mode of communication.</li> <li>In developing countries, cell phones are essential for rural connectivity, particularly in areas where optic fiber cables are not available.</li> <li>The introduction of optic fiber cables (OFC) allowed for large quantities of data to be transmitted rapidly, securely, and with minimal errors.</li> <li>The digitisation of information in the 1990s led to the merging of telecommunication and computers, forming integrated networks known as the Internet.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="satellite-communication">Satellite Communication</h5> <ul> <li>Satellite communication is a significant aspect of modern life, used in activities such as making phone calls, sending texts, and watching television.</li> <li>The use of satellites in communication began in the 1970s, pioneered by the USA and the former USSR, and has since grown to include numerous artificial satellites in Earth’s orbit.</li> <li>These satellites have made communication costs and times consistent, regardless of distance, and have been instrumental in connecting remote areas of the globe.</li> <li>India has also contributed to satellite development, launching Aryabhatt in 1979, Bhaskar-I in 1979, Rohini in 1980, and APPLE in 1981, which have improved long-distance communication, television, and radio.</li> <li>Satellite communication is particularly useful for weather forecasting through television.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="cyber-space---internet">Cyber Space - Internet</h5> <ul> <li>Cyberspace is the electronic, computerized world for communication or accessing information over computer networks.</li> <li>It is often referred to as the Internet and can be accessed from various locations, including offices, sailing boats, and planes.</li> <li>The number of Internet users has grown rapidly, from less than 50 million in 1995 to over two billion in 2010.</li> <li>The majority of users are now in the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, China, and India, with a significant shift from the USA to developing countries.</li> <li>Cyberspace, through the Internet, is expanding the economic and social space of humans through email, e-commerce, e-learning, and e-governance.</li> </ul> <p>======</p>