<h5 id="growth-and-development">GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT</h5> <ul> <li>Growth and development are related concepts that refer to changes over time. <ul> <li>Growth is quantitative and value-neutral, meaning it can be positive (increase) or negative (decrease). Development is qualitative and always value-positive, indicating a positive change in quality.</li> <li>For example, population growth does not always lead to development if it’s not accompanied by positive changes in conditions like housing and basic services.</li> <li>Human development, introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq, focuses on enlarging people’s choices and improving their lives, with people being central to all development.</li> <li>The Human Development Index, created by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq, measures development by considering factors like health, education, and income.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>I hope this summary meets your requirements. Let me know if you need further clarification or information.</p> <p>======</p> <h5 id="the-four-pillars-of-human-development">THE FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT</h5> <ul> <li>Human development is supported by the four pillars: equity, sustainability, productivity, and empowerment.</li> <li>Equity refers to equal access to opportunities regardless of gender, race, income, and in the Indian context, caste.</li> <li>Sustainability means the continuity in the availability of opportunities for each generation, with resources preserved for future generations.</li> <li>Productivity refers to human labor productivity, which can be enriched through building capabilities in people.</li> <li>Empowerment is the power to make choices, achieved through increasing freedom and capability, and facilitated by good governance and people-oriented policies.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="approaches-to-human-development">APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT</h5> <ul> <li>The income approach focuses on monetary measures such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita to evaluate human development.</li> <li>The welfare approach is based on non-monetary measures of well-being, including health, education, and longevity.</li> <li>The minimum needs approach aims to ensure basic necessities for every individual, covering food, clothing, shelter, and other essential needs.</li> <li>The capabilities approach, introduced by Amartya Sen, focuses on the freedom and opportunities people have to achieve valuable goals and live fulfilling lives. It emphasizes the expansion of human capabilities and functionings.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="measuring-human-development">MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT</h5> <ul> <li>The Income Approach to human development correlates income level with the level of human development, assuming higher income leads to higher development.</li> <li>The Welfare Approach views people as passive recipients of development activities, emphasizing government expenditure on education, health, and social welfare to increase human development.</li> <li>The Basic Needs Approach, proposed by the ILO, focuses on providing six basic needs: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing, to defined sections of the population.</li> <li>The Capability Approach, associated with Prof. Amartya Sen, builds human capabilities in health, education, and access to resources to increase human development.</li> <li>The Human Development Report, published by UNDP since 1990, ranks countries by the Human Development Index and Human Poverty Index, considering factors such as life expectancy, literacy, and access to clean water. Bhutan uses Gross National Happiness as a measure of progress, focusing on spiritual and cultural aspects of development.</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h5 id="international-comparisons">INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS</h5> <ul> <li>The Human Development Report 2020 ranks Norway, Ireland, Switzerland, Hong Kong, and Denmark in the highest level of human development.</li> <li>These countries prioritize education and healthcare, with a significant portion of their income spent on these sectors.</li> <li>Many of these countries were former imperial powers and have a lower degree of social diversity.</li> <li>Countries with medium levels of human development, such as India, are rapidly improving their human development score through people-oriented policies and reducing social discrimination.</li> <li>Factors contributing to low levels of human development include political turmoil, social instability, and unequal distribution of resources. High human development is associated with greater investment in social sectors and political stability.</li> </ul> <p>======</p>