Slide 1

• Topic: Problems In Electromagnetics- Magnetic Fields, EM Waves - Introduction
• Introduction to the problems experienced in electromagnetics
• Relationship between magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves

Slide 2

• Magnetic Fields:
  • Definition and properties
  • Magnetic field lines and their representation
  • Right-hand rule for magnetic field direction

Slide 3

• Magnetic Field due to a Straight Conductor:
  • Ampere’s law
  • Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current
  • Calculation of magnetic field using the Biot-Savart law

Slide 4

• Magnetic Field due to a Circular Loop:
  • Magnetic field at the center and on the axis of a circular loop
  • Calculation of magnetic field using the Biot-Savart law
  • Applications in magnetic field strength measurements

Slide 5

• Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid:
  • Definition and properties of a solenoid
  • Calculation of magnetic field inside and outside a solenoid
  • Relationship between magnetic field and number of turns, current, and length of the solenoid

Slide 6

• Magnetic Field due to a Toroid:
  • Definition and properties of a toroid
  • Calculation of magnetic field inside and outside a toroid
  • Relationship between magnetic field and number of turns, current, and dimensions of the toroid

Slide 7

• Magnetic Field due to a Straight Conductor Carrying Current:
  • Magnetic field on the axis of a circular coil carrying current
  • Calculation of magnetic field using the Biot-Savart law
  • Magnetic field on the axis of a solenoid

Slide 8

• Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid Carrying a Current:
  • Magnetic field inside and outside a solenoid carrying current
  • Calculation of magnetic field using Ampere’s law and symmetry

Slide 9

• Magnetic Field due to a Toroid Carrying a Current:
  • Magnetic field inside and outside a toroid carrying current
  • Calculation of magnetic field using Ampere’s law and symmetry

Slide 10

• Electromagnetic Waves:
  • Definition and properties of electromagnetic waves
  • Electromagnetic spectrum and different types of electromagnetic waves
  • Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum

Slide 11

• Electromagnetic Waves (contd.):
  • Properties of electromagnetic waves:
    • Wavelength
    • Frequency
    • Amplitude
    • Velocity
  • Relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity: c = λν

Slide 12

• Electromagnetic Spectrum:
  • Classification of electromagnetic waves based on wavelength:
    • Radio waves
    • Microwaves
    • Infrared radiation
    • Visible light
    • Ultraviolet radiation
    • X-rays
    • Gamma rays
  • Applications of different types of electromagnetic waves

Slide 13

• Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves:
  • Definition of reflection and its characteristics
  • Laws of reflection:
    • Incident angle equals the angle of reflection
    • Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie on the same plane
  • Calculation of reflected angle using the law of reflection

Slide 14

• Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves:
  • Definition of refraction and its characteristics
  • Snell’s law of refraction: n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
  • Calculation of refracted angle using Snell’s law
  • Critical angle and total internal reflection

Slide 15

• Total Internal Reflection:
  • Definition and conditions for total internal reflection
  • Calculation of critical angle using Snell’s law
  • Applications of total internal reflection:
    • Fiber optics
    • Mirages

Slide 16

• Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves:
  • Definition and characteristics of diffraction
  • Diffraction of electromagnetic waves through a single slit
  • Diffraction of electromagnetic waves through multiple slits (interference pattern)
  • Diffraction limitations and applications

Slide 17

• Interference of Electromagnetic Waves:
  • Definition and types of interference: constructive and destructive interference
  • Conditions for interference to occur
  • Young’s double-slit experiment
  • Calculation of fringe width and path difference

Slide 18

• Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves:
  • Definition and properties of polarized light
  • Polarization by reflection and transmission
  • Types of polarization: linear, circular, and elliptical polarization
  • Applications of polarized light

Slide 19

• Electromagnetic Induction:
  • Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction:
    • First law: the magnitude of induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
    • Second law: the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change that produced it (Lenz’s law)
  • Calculation of induced EMF and current
  • Applications of electromagnetic induction

Slide 20

• Transformers:
  • Principle of operation of transformers
  • Step-up and step-down transformers
  • Calculation of voltage and current ratios in transformers
  • Efficiency of transformers and power losses

Slide 21

• Electromagnetic Waves in Matter:
  • Refractive index: definition and its relation to the speed of light in a medium
  • Calculation of refractive index using the speed of light in vacuum and the speed of light in the medium
  • Snell’s law of refraction in terms of refractive index: n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
  • Total internal reflection and critical angle in terms of refractive index

Slide 22

• Electromagnetic Waves in Matter (contd.):
  • Different media and their refractive indices:
    • Air
    • Water
    • Glass
    • Diamond
  • Impact of refractive index on the speed and bending of light

Slide 23

• Electromagnetic Waves in Matter (contd.):
  • Reflection and transmission of light at the boundary between two media
  • Fresnel’s equations for reflection and transmission coefficients
  • Calculation of reflected and transmitted intensities using the reflection and transmission coefficients

Slide 24

• Electromagnetic Waves in Matter (contd.):
  • Absorption and dispersion of light in matter
  • Absorption coefficient and its relation to the intensity of transmitted light
  • Dispersion of light: explanation and examples

Slide 25

• Electromagnetic Waves: Energy and Momentum:
  • Energy carried by electromagnetic waves:
    • Poynting vector and its relation to energy flow
    • Calculation of energy flux using the Poynting vector and intensity of the wave
  • Momentum carried by electromagnetic waves:
    • Radiation pressure and its relation to momentum transfer
    • Calculation of momentum using the radiation pressure

Slide 26

• Electromagnetic Waves: Energy and Momentum (contd.):
  • Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter:
    • Photoelectric effect
    • Compton scattering
    • Pair production and annihilation
  • Explanation and examples of each interaction

Slide 27

• Electromagnetic Waves: Doppler Effect:
  • Doppler effect and its relation to the perception of sound and light
  • Calculation of frequency shift using the Doppler effect equation: Δf = f(v +/- vo)/(v +/- vs)
  • Examples of the Doppler effect in different scenarios: moving source, moving observer, both moving

Slide 28

• Electromagnetic Waves: Doppler Effect (contd.):
  • Applications of the Doppler effect:
    • Radar
    • Sonar
    • Redshift and blueshift in astronomy

Slide 29

• Electromagnetic Waves: Polarization of Light:
  • Definition and properties of polarized light
  • Types of polarizers: vertical, horizontal, and circular polarizers
  • Polarization by reflection and transmission
  • Applications of polarized light in 3D glasses, sunglasses, LCD screens

Slide 30

• Electromagnetic Waves: Polarization of Light (contd.):
  • Production and analysis of polarized light:
    • Polarization by double refraction in calcite
    • Polarization by scattering in the atmosphere
    • Polarization by selective absorption in polaroid sheets
  • Examples and equations to illustrate the concepts of polarization and its applications