• Formula: V = k * q / r
• Example: Calculating the potential due to a +2 μC charge at a distance of 5 m

• Superposition principle: V_total = V1 + V2 + V3 + …
• Example: Calculating the total potential due to a system of two point charges

• Formula: V = ∫ k * dq / r
• Example: Calculating the potential due to a uniformly charged rod

• Formula: V = k * Q * (z / (z^2 + R^2)^(3/2)) * dz
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point on the axis of a charged ring

• Formula: V = (k * Q * z) / (2 * sqrt(R^2 + z^2))
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point on the axis of a charged disk

• Formula: V = k * Q / r
• Example: Calculating the potential due to a uniformly charged sphere

• Superposition principle still applies
• Example: Calculating the potential due to a non-uniformly charged spherical shell

Potential due to a line of charge

• Formula: V = (k * λ) * ln(R2/R1)
• Example: Calculating the potential due to a uniformly charged line segment

Potential due to a charged sphere at a point outside the sphere

• Formula: V = (k * Q) / r
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point outside a uniformly charged sphere

Potential due to a charged sphere at a point inside the sphere

• Formula: V = (k * Q * r) / R^3
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point inside a uniformly charged sphere

Potential due to a charged sphere at the surface of the sphere

• Formula: V = (k * Q) / R
• Example: Calculating the potential at the surface of a uniformly charged sphere

• Formula: V = (k * λ * r^2) / (2ε0)
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point inside a uniformly charged cylinder

• Formula: V = (k * λ * L) / (2πε0) * ln((R + sqrt(R^2 + L^2)) / (R - sqrt(R^2 + L^2)))
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point outside a uniformly charged cylinder

• Formula: V = (k * σ) * (sqrt(R^2 + z^2) - z)
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point on the axis of a uniformly charged disk

• Formula: V = (k * σ * z) / (2ε0 * (sqrt(R^2 + z^2)))
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point off the axis of a uniformly charged disk

• Formula: V = (k * λ * R^2) / (2ε0 * sqrt(R^2 + z^2))
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point on the axis of a uniformly charged cylinder

• Formula: V = (k * λ * z * ln((R + sqrt(R^2 + z^2)) / (sqrt(R^2 + z^2))))
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point off the axis of a uniformly charged cylinder

• Formula: V = (k * σ * (2R + d)) / (2ε0) * ln((R + sqrt(R^2 + d^2)) / (sqrt(R^2 + d^2)))
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point on the axis of a disk with a central hole

• Formula: U = q * V
• Example: Calculating the electrostatic potential energy of a charge in a uniform electric field

• Formula: V = (σ * d) / (2ε0)
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point near a uniformly charged infinite plane

• Formula: V = (k * p * cosθ) / (r^2)
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point along the axis of an electric dipole

• Formula: V = (k * p * sinθ) / (r^2)
• Example: Calculating the potential at a point in the equatorial plane of an electric dipole

• Formula: V = (k * p) / (r^2) * cosθ / r
• Example: Calculating the potential at a general point in space due to an electric dipole

• Formula: E = -∇V
• Example: Understanding the relationship between electric field and potential

• Definition of capacitance
• Formula: C = Q / V
• Example: Calculating the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor

• Formula: U = (1/2) * C * V^2
• Example: Calculating the energy stored in a capacitor

• Explanation of dielectric material
• Formula: C’ = κ * C
• Example: Calculating the new capacitance with a dielectric material

• Series combination of capacitors
  • Equation: C_eq = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + (1/C3) + …
  • Example: Calculating the equivalent capacitance of capacitors in series

• Equation: C_eq = C1 + C2 + C3 + …
• Example: Calculating the equivalent capacitance of capacitors in parallel

• Brief explanation of capacitors’ use in smoothing and filtering circuits

• Definition of electric current
• Equation: I = Q / t
• Example: Calculating the current given the charge and time

• Definition of voltage
• Equation: V = W / Q
• Example: Calculating the voltage given the work done and charge

• Equation: V = I * R
• Example: Calculating the resistance given the voltage and current

• Brief explanation of resistors
• Different types of resistors: fixed and variable resistors

• Definition of resistivity
• Equation: R = ρ * (L / A)
• Example: Calculating the resistance given the resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area

• Explanation of how resistivity changes with temperature

• Series combination of resistors
  • Equation: R_eq = R1 + R2 + R3 + …
  • Example: Calculating the equivalent resistance of resistors in series

• Equation: (1/R_eq) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) + …
• Example: Calculating the equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel

• Brief explanation of resistors’ use in voltage dividers and current limiters

• Explanation of Kirchhoff’s laws (junction rule and loop rule)
• Application of Kirchhoff’s laws in solving circuit problems

• Explanation of how resistors are combined in series and parallel in practical circuits
• Calculation examples for series and parallel combinations

• Explanation of magnetic field and magnetic force

• Equation: B = (μ0 * I) / (2π * r)
• Example: Calculating the magnetic field at a distance from a straight conductor

• Equation: B = (μ0 * I * R^2) / (2 * (R^2 + x^2)^(3/2))
• Example: Calculating the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular loop

• Equation: B = (μ0 * N * I) / L
• Example: Calculating the magnetic field inside a solenoid

• Equation: F = I * L * B * sinθ
• Example: Calculating the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

• Equation: F = q * v * B * sinθ
• Example: Calculating the force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field

• Equation: F = I * A * B * sinθ
• Example: Calculating the force on a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field

• Explanation of how electric motors work using the interaction between magnetic field and current-carrying loop

• Explanation of magnetic induction and Faraday’s Law
• Equation: ε = -N * (dΦ/dt)
• Example: Calculating the induced emf using Faraday’s Law

• Explanation of Lenz’s Law and the direction of induced current

• Explanation of how transformers work using electromagnetic induction
• Calculation examples for the turns ratio and voltage/current transformations in transformers