Drift Velocity And Resistance - Charge Flow And Heat Flow

Slide 1: Drift Velocity and Resistance - Charge Flow and Heat Flow

In conductors, the flow of electric charge is known as electric current.
Electric current is caused by the movement of electrons.
The velocity at which electrons move is called drift velocity.
Drift velocity can be calculated using the formula: v = I / (nAe), where v is drift velocity, I is current, n is charge carrier density, A is cross-sectional area, and e is the charge of an electron.
Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of electric current.
Resistance can be calculated using the formula: R = ρL / A, where R is resistance, ρ is resistivity, L is length, and A is cross-sectional area.

Slide 2: Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power

Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, when the temperature remains constant.
Mathematically, Ohm’s Law can be represented as: V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω), and the SI unit of current is the ampere (A).
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced.
It can be calculated using the formula: P = VI, where P is power, V is voltage, and I is current.
The SI unit of power is the watt (W).

Slide 3: Resistors and their Color Codes

Resistors are electronic components that have a specific resistance value.
They are used to control the flow of electric current.
Resistors are color-coded to indicate their resistance value.
The color code consists of bands of different colors.
Each color represents a specific numeric value.
By reading the color codes, the resistance value of a resistor can be determined.

Slide 4: Temperature Dependence of Resistance - Thermistors

The resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature.
This is because the increase in temperature results in more collisions between the charge carriers, impeding their movement.
Materials with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance are called conductors.
On the other hand, some materials show a decrease in resistance with an increase in temperature.
These materials are called thermistors.
Thermistors are used in temperature sensors and temperature-compensating circuits.

Slide 5: Electric Power and Energy - Electric Meters

Electric meters are instruments used to measure the flow of electric energy.
Two common types of electric meters are the ammeter and the voltmeter.
An ammeter measures the current flowing through a circuit and is connected in series.
A voltmeter measures the potential difference across a component or across a circuit and is connected in parallel.
Electric energy is the product of power and time.
It can be calculated using the formula: Energy = Power x Time.

Slide 6: Combination of Resistors - Series Connection

When resistors are connected one after another in a circuit, it is called a series connection.
In a series connection, the current flowing through each resistor is the same.
The total resistance in a series connection is the sum of the individual resistances.
Mathematically, the total resistance (Rt) in a series connection can be calculated as: Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

Slide 7: Combination of Resistors - Parallel Connection

When resistors are connected across the same two points in a circuit, it is called a parallel connection.
In a parallel connection, the potential difference across each resistor is the same.
The reciprocal of the total resistance in a parallel connection is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
Mathematically, the total resistance (Rt) in a parallel connection can be calculated as: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

Slide 8: Wheatstone Bridge - Introduction

The Wheatstone Bridge is a circuit used to determine the unknown resistance value.
It consists of four resistors, with a galvanometer connected to the two junction points.
The principle behind the Wheatstone Bridge is the balancing of bridge currents.
When the bridge is balanced, the galvanometer shows no deflection, indicating equality in potential difference.

Slide 9: Wheatstone Bridge - Balanced and Unbalanced Conditions

The Wheatstone Bridge is said to be balanced when the galvanometer shows no deflection.
In the balanced condition, the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge is equal.
The formula for balanced Wheatstone Bridge is: R1/R2 = R3/R4.
The Wheatstone Bridge is said to be unbalanced when the galvanometer shows a deflection.
In the unbalanced condition, the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge is not equal.

Slide 10: Thermoelectric Effect - Seebeck Effect

The Seebeck effect is the phenomenon of generating an electric current or voltage by maintaining a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors.
This effect is based on the principle that a temperature difference between two junctions of a circuit can create a voltage difference.
This voltage difference is called an electromotive force (EMF).
The Seebeck effect is utilized in devices such as thermocouples, which are used for temperature measurements.
The Seebeck effect has applications in thermoelectric power generation and temperature sensing.

Slide 11: Drift Velocity and Resistance - Charge Flow and Heat Flow

The flow of electric charge in conductors is called electric current.
Electric current is the result of the movement of electrons.
The velocity at which electrons move is known as drift velocity.
Drift velocity can be calculated using the formula: v = I / (nAe), where v is drift velocity, I is current, n is charge carrier density, A is cross-sectional area, and e is the charge of an electron.
Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of electric current.
Resistance can be calculated using the formula: R = ρL / A, where R is resistance, ρ is resistivity, L is length, and A is cross-sectional area.

Slide 12: Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power

Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, when the temperature remains constant.
Mathematically, Ohm’s Law can be represented as: V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω), and the SI unit of current is the ampere (A).
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced.
It can be calculated using the formula: P = VI, where P is power, V is voltage, and I is current.

Slide 13: Resistors and their Color Codes

Resistors are electronic components that have a specific resistance value.
They are used to control the flow of electric current in a circuit.
Resistors are color-coded to indicate their resistance value.
The color code consists of bands of different colors.
Each color represents a specific numeric value.
By reading the color codes, one can determine the resistance value of a resistor.

Slide 14: Temperature Dependence of Resistance - Thermistors

The resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature.
This is because the increase in temperature results in more collisions between the charge carriers, hindering their movement.
Materials with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance are known as conductors.
However, some materials exhibit a decrease in resistance with an increase in temperature.
These materials are called thermistors.
Thermistors are used in temperature sensors and temperature-compensating circuits.

Slide 15: Electric Power and Energy - Electric Meters

Electric meters are instruments used to measure the flow of electric energy in a circuit.
Two common types of electric meters are the ammeter and the voltmeter.
An ammeter measures the current flowing through a circuit and is connected in series.
A voltmeter measures the potential difference across a component or a complete circuit and is connected in parallel.
Electric energy is the product of power and time.
It can be calculated using the formula: Energy = Power x Time.

Slide 16: Combination of Resistors - Series Connection

When resistors are connected one after another in a circuit, it is called a series connection.
In a series connection, the current flowing through each resistor is the same.
The total resistance in a series connection is the sum of the individual resistances.
Mathematically, the total resistance (Rt) in a series connection can be calculated as: Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

Slide 17: Combination of Resistors - Parallel Connection

When resistors are connected across the same two points in a circuit, it is called a parallel connection.
In a parallel connection, the potential difference across each resistor is the same.
The reciprocal of the total resistance in a parallel connection is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
Mathematically, the total resistance (Rt) in a parallel connection can be calculated as: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

Slide 18: Wheatstone Bridge - Introduction

The Wheatstone Bridge is a circuit used to determine the unknown resistance value.
It consists of four resistors, with a galvanometer connected to the two junction points.
The principle behind the Wheatstone Bridge is the balancing of bridge currents.
When the bridge is balanced, the galvanometer shows no deflection, indicating equality in potential difference.
The Wheatstone Bridge is widely used in electrical measurements and strain gauge applications.

Slide 19: Wheatstone Bridge - Balanced and Unbalanced Conditions

The Wheatstone Bridge is said to be balanced when the galvanometer shows no deflection.
In the balanced condition, the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge is equal.
The formula for a balanced Wheatstone Bridge is: R1/R2 = R3/R4.
The Wheatstone Bridge is said to be unbalanced when the galvanometer shows a deflection.
In the unbalanced condition, the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge is not equal.
By adjusting the value of a known resistance, an unknown resistance can be determined.

Slide 20: Thermoelectric Effect - Seebeck Effect

The Seebeck effect is the phenomenon of generating an electric current or voltage by maintaining a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors.
This effect is based on the principle that a temperature difference between two junctions of a circuit can create a voltage difference.
This voltage difference is called an electromotive force (EMF).
The Seebeck effect is utilized in devices such as thermocouples, which are used for temperature measurements.
It has applications in thermoelectric power generation and temperature sensing.

Slide 21: Drift Velocity and Resistance - Charge Flow and Heat Flow

In conductors, the flow of electric charge is known as electric current.
Electric current is caused by the movement of electrons.
The velocity at which electrons move is called drift velocity.
Drift velocity can be calculated using the formula: v = I / (nAe), where v is drift velocity, I is current, n is charge carrier density, A is cross-sectional area, and e is the charge of an electron.
Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of electric current.

Slide 22: Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power

Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, when the temperature remains constant.
Mathematically, Ohm’s Law can be represented as: V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω), and the SI unit of current is the ampere (A).
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced.
It can be calculated using the formula: P = VI, where P is power, V is voltage, and I is current.

Slide 23: Resistors and their Color Codes

Resistors are electronic components that have a specific resistance value.
They are used to control the flow of electric current.
Resistors are color-coded to indicate their resistance value.
The color code consists of bands of different colors.
Each color represents a specific numeric value.

Slide 24: Temperature Dependence of Resistance - Thermistors

The resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature.
This is because the increase in temperature results in more collisions between the charge carriers, impeding their movement.
Materials with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance are called conductors.
On the other hand, some materials show a decrease in resistance with an increase in temperature.
These materials are called thermistors.

Slide 25: Electric Power and Energy - Electric Meters

Electric meters are instruments used to measure the flow of electric energy.
Two common types of electric meters are the ammeter and the voltmeter.
An ammeter measures the current flowing through a circuit and is connected in series.
A voltmeter measures the potential difference across a component or across a circuit and is connected in parallel.
Electric energy is the product of power and time.

Slide 26: Combination of Resistors - Series Connection

When resistors are connected one after another in a circuit, it is called a series connection.
In a series connection, the current flowing through each resistor is the same.
The total resistance in a series connection is the sum of the individual resistances.
Mathematically, the total resistance (Rt) in a series connection can be calculated as: Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

Slide 27: Combination of Resistors - Parallel Connection

When resistors are connected across the same two points in a circuit, it is called a parallel connection.
In a parallel connection, the potential difference across each resistor is the same.
The reciprocal of the total resistance in a parallel connection is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
Mathematically, the total resistance (Rt) in a parallel connection can be calculated as: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

Slide 28: Wheatstone Bridge - Introduction

The Wheatstone Bridge is a circuit used to determine the unknown resistance value.
It consists of four resistors, with a galvanometer connected to the two junction points.
The principle behind the Wheatstone Bridge is the balancing of bridge currents.
When the bridge is balanced, the galvanometer shows no deflection, indicating equality in potential difference.

Slide 29: Wheatstone Bridge - Balanced and Unbalanced Conditions

The Wheatstone Bridge is said to be balanced when the galvanometer shows no deflection.
In the balanced condition, the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge is equal.
The formula for balanced Wheatstone Bridge is: R1/R2 = R3/R4.
The Wheatstone Bridge is said to be unbalanced when the galvanometer shows a deflection.
In the unbalanced condition, the ratio of resistances in the two arms of the bridge is not equal.

Slide 30: Thermoelectric Effect - Seebeck Effect

The Seebeck effect is the phenomenon of generating an electric current or voltage by maintaining a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors.
This effect is based on the principle that a temperature difference between two junctions of a circuit can create a voltage difference.
This voltage difference is called an electromotive force (EMF).
The Seebeck effect is utilized in devices such as thermocouples, which are used for temperature measurements.
The Seebeck effect has applications in thermoelectric power generation and temperature sensing.