Introduction to Physics

• Definition of Physics
• Importance of studying Physics
• Fundamental concepts in Physics
• Scope and applications of Physics
• Relationship between Physics and other sciences

Laws of Motion

• Newton’s three laws of motion
• Relationship between force, mass, and acceleration
• Examples illustrating the laws of motion
• Application of the laws of motion in daily life
• Problems involving motion and forces

Work, Energy, and Power

• Definition of work done
• Calculation of work done in different scenarios
• Relationship between work, energy, and power
• Types of energy (kinetic, potential, etc.)
• Efficiency and conservation of energy

Gravitation

• Newton’s law of universal gravitation
• Calculation of gravitational force
• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential energy
• Escape velocity and satellite motion

Electrostatics

• Electric charge and its properties
• Coulomb’s law
• Electric field and electric field lines
• Electric potential and potential difference
• Capacitors and capacitance

Current Electricity

• Electric current and its measurement
• Ohm’s law and resistors
• Series and parallel circuits
• Calculation of equivalent resistance
• Electric power and electrical energy

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

• Magnetic field and magnetic field lines
• Applications of magnetic fields (simple electric motor)
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
• Electromagnetic induction and Faraday’s law
• Lenz’s law and applications

Electromagnetic Waves

• Nature and properties of electromagnetic waves
• Types of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Production and detection of electromagnetic waves
• Applications of electromagnetic waves

Optics

• Reflection and refraction of light
• Laws of reflection and refraction
• Total internal reflection
• Optical instruments (telescope, microscope, etc.)
• Wave nature of light and interference

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Photoelectric effect and Einstein’s explanation
• Wave-particle duality
• Matter waves and de Broglie’s hypothesis
• Davisson-Germer experiment
• Applications of matter waves

Thermodynamics

• Laws of thermodynamics
• Heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium
• Thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, etc.)
• Calculation of work and heat in different processes
• Efficiency of heat engines

Oscillations and Waves

• Simple harmonic motion and its equation
• Damped and forced oscillations
• Resonance and its applications
• Waves and wave properties (amplitude, frequency, etc.)
• Types of waves (mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.)

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

• Reflection and refraction of light
• Laws of reflection and refraction
• Mirrors and lenses
• Lens formula and magnification
• Optical instruments (microscope, telescope, etc.)

Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
• Lenz’s law and its applications
• Self-inductance and mutual inductance
• Transformers and their working
• Eddy currents and their effects

Fluid Mechanics

• Density, pressure, and Pascal’s law
• Archimedes’ principle and buoyancy
• Surface tension and capillary action
• Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
• Viscosity and Poiseuille’s law

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

• Photoelectric effect and Einstein’s explanation
• Wave-particle duality and its implications
• Davisson-Germer experiment
• de Broglie wavelength and its significance
• Applications of matter waves (electron microscope, etc.)

Atoms and Nuclei

• Structure of an atom (Rutherford’s model)
• Atomic spectra and Bohr’s atomic model
• Nuclear structure and properties
• Radioactivity and radioactive decay
• Nuclear reactions and fission/fusion

Semiconductor Devices

• Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
• PN junction and its characteristics
• Diode and its applications
• Transistors and their types (NPN, PNP)
• Amplifiers and logic gates

Communication Systems

• Communication systems and their components
• Modulation and demodulation
• Amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM)
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves
• Satellite communication and fiber optics

Experimental Physics

• Measurement and significant figures
• Errors in measurement and error analysis
• Experimental techniques (use of vernier calipers, etc.)
• Graphical representation of data (linear, logarithmic, etc.)
• Verification of laws through experiments

Atomic Structure

• Thomson’s atomic model
• Rutherford’s atomic model
• Bohr’s atomic model
• Quantum mechanical model of the atom
• Energy levels and sublevels in an atom

Hydrogen Atom Energy Levels

• Energy quantization in the hydrogen atom
• Calculation of energy levels using the Bohr model
• Spectral lines and series (Lyman, Balmer, etc.)
• Calculation of wavelength and frequency of spectral lines
• Significance of hydrogen atom energy levels

Nuclear Physics

• Nuclear structure and constituents
• Nuclides and isotopes
• Radioactivity and radioactive decay
• Types of radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma)
• Half-life and radioactive decay equations

Nuclear Reactions

• Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
• Chain reactions and their applications
• Nuclear power generation and its pros/cons
• Medical applications of nuclear reactions (radiation therapy)
• Environmental and safety aspects of nuclear reactions

Semiconductor Devices

• Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
• PN junction and its characteristics
• Diodes and their applications
• Transistors and their types (NPN, PNP)
• Operational amplifiers and their applications

Amplifiers

• Amplification and its types (voltage, current, power)
• Amplifier circuits and their configurations (common emitter, etc.)
• Voltage gain and power gain calculations
• Applications of amplifiers in audio systems
• Feedback and stability in amplifier circuits

Logic Gates

• Basic logic operations (AND, OR, NOT)
• Truth tables and logic gate symbols
• Logic gate circuits and their applications
• Combinational logic circuits (adders, multiplexers, etc.)
• Sequential logic circuits (flip-flops, counters, etc.)

Communication Systems

• Communication systems and their components
• Modulation techniques (AM, FM, PM)
• Demodulation techniques
• Transmission and reception of analog signals
• Digital communication and data transmission

Wave Optics

• Interference of light
• Young’s double-slit experiment
• Diffraction and Huygens’ principle
• Polarization of light
• Applications of wave optics (thin films, grating, etc.)

Special Theory of Relativity

• Postulates of special theory of relativity
• Lorentz transformation equations
• Time dilation and length contraction
• Mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2)
• Concept of spacetime and relativistic effects