Slide 1: Isolation of Metals

  • Definition of isolation of metals
  • Importance of metal isolation processes
  • Key concepts:
    • Ore
    • Gangue
    • Concentration
    • Calcination
    • Roasting

Slide 2: Examples of Common Metals

  • Iron (Fe)
  • Aluminium (Al)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Zinc (Zn)
  • Silver (Ag)
  • Gold (Au)
  • Lead (Pb)
  • Tin (Sn)
  • Mercury (Hg)

Slide 3: Types of Ores

  • Definition of ore
  • Types of ores:
    • Oxides
    • Sulphides
    • Carbonates
    • Halides

Slide 4: Extraction of Iron from its Ore

  • Iron extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of iron:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Concentration of the ore
    3. Calcination
    4. Smelting
    5. Refining

Slide 5: Extraction of Aluminium from its Ore

  • Aluminium extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of aluminium:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Digestion or leaching of the ore
    3. Concentration of the ore
    4. Electrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide
    5. Purification of aluminium

Slide 6: Extraction of Copper from its Ore

  • Copper extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of copper:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Concentration of the ore
    3. Roasting
    4. Smelting
    5. Refining

Slide 7: Extraction of Zinc from its Ore

  • Zinc extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of zinc:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Concentration of the ore
    3. Roasting
    4. Smelting
    5. Refining

Slide 8: Extraction of Silver from its Ore

  • Silver extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of silver:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Concentration of the ore
    3. Roasting
    4. Smelting
    5. Refining

Slide 9: Extraction of Gold from its Ore

  • Gold extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of gold:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Concentration of the ore
    3. Roasting
    4. Smelting
    5. Refining

Slide 10: Extraction of Lead from its Ore

  • Lead extraction flowchart
  • Steps involved in the extraction of lead:
    1. Crushing and grinding the ore
    2. Concentration of the ore
    3. Roasting
    4. Smelting
    5. Refining
  1. Physical Properties of Metals
  • High electrical and thermal conductivity
  • Malleability and ductility
  • Lustre and reflectivity
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Solid state at room temperature (except mercury)
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  1. Chemical Properties of Metals
  • Reactivity with oxygen: Examples include rusting of iron and tarnishing of silver
  • Reaction with acids: Metals react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas
  • Reaction with water: Some metals react with water to form metal oxides or hydroxides and hydrogen gas
  • Reactivity series: Arrangement of metals in a decreasing order of their reactivity
  1. Displacement Reactions
  • Definition of a displacement reaction
  • The more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its compound
  • Example: Zinc displaces copper from copper sulfate solution
    • Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) -> ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
  1. Acid-Base Reactions Involving Metals
  • Reaction of metals with bases: Metals react with bases to produce metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas
  • Reaction of metals with metal salts: Metals react with metal salts to produce another metal and a salt solution
  1. Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides
  • Formation of metal oxides: Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides
  • Formation of metal hydroxides: Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides
  • Example: Sodium oxide + water -> Sodium hydroxide
  1. Metal Carbonates and Hydrogencarbonates
  • Reaction of metals with carbonates: Metals react with carbonates to form metal oxides and carbon dioxide gas
  • Reaction of metals with hydrogencarbonates: Metals react with hydrogencarbonates to form metal carbonates, water, and carbon dioxide gas
  1. Reactivity Series of Metals
  • Definition of the reactivity series
  • Arrangement of metals in a decreasing order of their reactivity
  • Importance of the reactivity series in predicting displacement reactions
  1. Extraction of Metals using Electrolysis
  • Definition of electrolysis
  • Extraction of metals like sodium, aluminium, and magnesium using electrolysis
  • Electrolysis of molten compounds and aqueous solutions
  1. Redox Reactions involving Metals
  • Definition of redox reactions
  • Examples of redox reactions involving metals:
    • Formation of metal oxide from Metal + Oxygen
    • Reaction of metal with acid
    • Reaction of metal with water
    • Displacement reactions
  1. Environmental Impact of Metal Extraction
  • Environmental issues caused by mining and metal extraction
  • Pollution of air, water, and soil
  • Efforts to reduce environmental impact: Recycling and sustainable extraction methods
  1. Properties of Metalloids
  • Metalloids have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals
  • They have both metallic and nonmetallic characteristics
  • Examples of metalloids: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te)
  1. Chemical Properties of Metalloids
  • Metalloids can form both positive and negative ions
  • They can act as both conductors and insulators of electricity
  • They exhibit varying reactivity with acids and bases
  • Metalloids can form covalent compounds with nonmetals
  1. Applications of Metalloids
  • Silicon: Used in the production of semiconductors and computer chips
  • Germanium: Used in infrared optics, fiber optic communication, and solar cells
  • Arsenic: Used in wood preservation, pesticides, and in electronic devices
  • Antimony: Used in flame retardants, batteries, and as an alloying agent
  • Tellurium: Used in solar panels, thermoelectric devices, and in alloys for metals
  1. Extraction of Metalloids from Ores
  • Metalloids are usually extracted from their ores using a combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods
  • The ore is first crushed and then subjected to roasting or smelting processes
  • The resulting metalloid compound is then purified through chemical processes such as leaching or electrolysis
  1. Reactivity of Nonmetals
  • Nonmetals tend to have high ionization energies and electronegativities
  • Nonmetals generally do not form positively charged ions (cations)
  • Nonmetals can form negative ions (anions) by gaining electrons
  • The reactivity of nonmetals varies depending on their position in the periodic table
  1. Physical Properties of Nonmetals
  • Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity
  • Nonmetals are brittle and can be in solid, liquid, or gaseous states at room temperature
  • Nonmetals have low melting and boiling points compared to metals
  1. Chemical Properties of Nonmetals
  • Nonmetals tend to gain electrons during chemical reactions
  • Nonmetals can react with metals to form ionic compounds
  • Nonmetals can react with other nonmetals to form covalent compounds
  • Nonmetals can react with oxygen to form oxides, many of which are acidic in nature
  1. Importance of Nonmetals in Daily Life
  • Oxygen: Essential for respiration and combustion
  • Carbon: Forms the basis of organic compounds and is present in all living organisms
  • Nitrogen: Key component in DNA, proteins, and fertilizers
  • Hydrogen: Used in the production of ammonia, petroleum refining, and as an energy carrier
  • Chlorine: Used as a disinfectant, in the production of PVC, and in water treatment
  1. Noble Gases - Properties and Applications
  • Noble gases have full valence electron shells and are chemically stable
  • They are inert and do not readily form compounds with other elements
  • Examples of noble gases: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn)
  • Applications of noble gases include lighting, lasers, cryogenics, and as an inert atmosphere in scientific research
  1. Summary and Recap
  • Recap of key concepts covered in the lecture:
    • Isolation of metals and metalloids from ores
    • Properties and chemical reactions of metalloids and nonmetals
    • Importance and applications of nonmetals in daily life
    • Properties and applications of noble gases
  • Emphasize the importance of understanding the properties and behavior of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals in various industries and everyday life