- Minerals: naturally occurring substances found in the earth’s crust, with specific chemical composition and physical properties
- Minerals can be classified into metallic and non-metallic minerals
- Metallic minerals: contain metal elements in their composition
- Examples: iron ore (Fe, Fe2O3), copper ore (Cu, Cu2S), zinc ore (Zn, ZnS), etc.
- These minerals are sources of metals and are economically important for various industries
- Ore: a rock containing a significant amount of mineral from which metal can be extracted economically
- Ores are classified into:
- Native ores: contain metals in their elemental form (e.g., gold, silver)
- Extractive metallurgy ores: require chemical reactions and processes for metal extraction
- Extraction of metals from minerals is done through various methods like:
- Pyrometallurgy: high-temperature processes like roasting, smelting, etc.
- Hydrometallurgy: chemical processes involving aqueous solutions
- Electrometallurgy: electrolytic processes using electrical energy
- The choice of extraction method depends on factors like the reactivity of the metal, the availability of the ore, cost considerations, etc.
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