Chemistry of p-Block Elements- Group 13 - Aluminium Trichloride
Slide 1
Introduction to Group 13 elements
Physical properties of Group 13 elements
Atomic and ionic radii
Metallic character
Melting and boiling points
Density
General electronic configuration of Group 13 elements
Slide 2
Overview of Aluminium Trichloride (AlCl3)
Physical properties of AlCl3
Appearance and state
Melting and boiling points
Solubility in different solvents
Conductivity
Chemical properties of AlCl3
Reactivity with water and acids
Slide 3
Preparation methods of Aluminium Trichloride
Direct combination of aluminium metal and chlorine gas
Reaction between aluminium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
Reaction between aluminium oxide and carbon tetrachloride
Balanced chemical equations for each preparation method
Slide 4
Structure of Aluminium Trichloride
Lewis dot structure
Molecular geometry
Bond angles
Comparison of Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity of AlCl3
Behaviour of AlCl3 as a Lewis acid
Slide 5
Chemical reactions of Aluminium Trichloride
Reaction with water to form hydrochloric acid and aluminium hydroxide
Reaction with alcohols to form alkylaluminium compounds
Reaction with ammonia to form adducts
Balanced chemical equations for each reaction
Slide 6
Uses of Aluminium Trichloride
As a catalyst in organic reactions
In the production of dyes and pigments
In the pharmaceutical industry
In the petroleum industry
Examples of specific reactions where AlCl3 is used as a catalyst
Slide 7
AlCl3 as a Lewis acid in Friedel-Crafts reactions
Overview of Friedel-Crafts reactions
Mechanism of Friedel-Crafts acylation
Mechanism of Friedel-Crafts alkylation
Examples of Friedel-Crafts reactions using AlCl3 as a catalyst
Slide 8
Environmental impact of Aluminium Trichloride
Toxicity and hazards associated with AlCl3
Proper handling and disposal methods
Safety precautions during usage
Importance of following the guidelines to minimize environmental impact
Slide 9
Comparison of Aluminium Trichloride with other aluminium compounds
AlCl2
AlCl
Al2Cl6
Differences in properties and reactivity
Slide 10
Conclusion
Recap of key points discussed
Importance of Aluminium Trichloride in various industries
Need for further research on its applications and impact
Slide 11
Chemical property of Aluminium Trichloride: Reaction with halogens
Reacts with fluorine to form AlCl3F3
Reacts with bromine to form AlBr3
Reacts with iodine to form AlI3
Balanced chemical equations for each reaction
Slide 12
Chemical property of Aluminium Trichloride: Reaction with metals
Reacts with alkali metals to form aluminium salts and corresponding halides
Reacts with alkaline earth metals to form aluminium salts and corresponding halides
Reactivity trend with different metals
Balanced chemical equations for representative reactions
Slide 13
Chemical property of Aluminium Trichloride: Reaction with nitrogen compounds
Reacts with nitrogen gas to form aluminium nitride (AlN)
Reacts with ammonia to form AlCl3·NH3 complex
Balanced chemical equations for each reaction
Slide 14
Chemical property of Aluminium Trichloride: Reaction with oxygen compounds
Reacts with water to form aluminium hydroxide
Reacts with oxide compounds to form corresponding aluminium salts
Balanced chemical equations for representative reactions
Slide 15
Uses of Aluminium Trichloride in the pharmaceutical industry
Synthesis of various organic compounds, such as steroids and antibiotics
Activation of certain antibiotics
Catalyst in a range of pharmaceutical reactions
Examples of specific drugs produced using AlCl3 as a catalyst
Slide 16
Uses of Aluminium Trichloride in the petroleum industry
Catalyst in the cracking of hydrocarbons to produce gasoline
Catalyst in the alkylation of isobutane with olefins to produce high-octane gasoline
Desulphurization of petroleum products
Examples of specific processes in the petroleum industry using AlCl3 as a catalyst
Slide 17
Applications of Aluminium Trichloride in the production of dyes and pigments
Use as a catalyst in the synthesis of dyes and pigments
Key role in the formation of azo dyes
Examples of specific dyes and pigments produced using AlCl3 as a catalyst
Importance of AlCl3 in the coloration industry
Slide 18
Industrial preparation of Aluminium Trichloride
Direct combination of aluminium metal and chlorine gas
Gibbs-Helmholtz equation for the determination of heat of reaction
Optimization of reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, catalyst)
Industrial applications and significance of this preparation method
Slide 19
Safety precautions while handling Aluminium Trichloride
Wear appropriate protective clothing and goggles
Use in a well-ventilated area
Avoid contact with skin and eyes
Proper storage and disposal methods
Slide 20
Summary of key points discussed
Importance of Aluminium Trichloride in various industries
Recap of safety precautions
Relevance of studying the chemistry of p-Block elements
Slide 21
Properties of Aluminium Trichloride:
Strong Lewis acid
Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the atmosphere)
Volatile in the form of sublimation at high temperatures
Forms dimers in the vapor phase
Can polymerize in the presence of electron donors
Slide 22
Applications of Aluminium Trichloride in organic synthesis:
Friedel-Crafts reactions, such as acylation and alkylation
Preparation of alkyl aluminum compounds
Preparation of pharmaceutical intermediates, such as the Friedel-Crafts acylation products
Activation of alkenes in polymerization reactions
Slide 23
Friedel-Crafts acylation using Aluminium Trichloride:
Mechanism: formation of an acylium ion from the reaction of a carboxylic acid chloride with AlCl3
Examples: Acylation of benzene with acetyl chloride to form acetophenone
Balanced chemical equation: C6H6 + CH3COCl + AlCl3 → C6H5COCH3 + AlCl4-
Slide 24
Friedel-Crafts alkylation using Aluminium Trichloride:
Mechanism: generation of a carbocation intermediate from the reaction of an alkyl halide with AlCl3
Examples: Alkylation of benzene with ethyl chloride to form ethylbenzene
Balanced chemical equation: C6H6 + CH3CH2Cl + AlCl3 → C6H5CH2CH3 + HCl + AlCl4-
Slide 25
Azo dyes synthesis using Aluminium Trichloride:
Azo coupling reaction between a diazonium salt and a coupling component in the presence of AlCl3
Examples: Synthesis of methyl orange, Congo red, and para red
Balanced chemical equation: ArN2+ + Naphthol + AlCl3 → Dye + HCl + AlCl4-
Slide 26
Environmental impact of Aluminium Trichloride:
Toxicity and hazards to aquatic organisms and some terrestrial animals
Long-term effects on soil ecosystems and vegetation
Importance of proper disposal and waste management practices
Slide 27
Safety precautions when working with Aluminium Trichloride:
Use in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
Avoid direct contact with skin and eyes
In case of contact, rinse with water for several minutes and seek medical attention
Slide 28
Future prospects and research:
Exploration of new applications of Aluminium Trichloride in diverse fields
Development of more environmentally friendly synthesis methods
Investigation of the toxicity and environmental impact to improve safety measures
Slide 29
References and resources:
Chemistry textbooks and reference books
Research papers and scientific journals
Online databases and resources from reputable sources
Academic institutions and research organizations
Slide 30
Questions and discussion:
Open the floor for students to ask questions about Aluminium Trichloride
Encourage discussion and critical thinking
Provide additional examples or clarification as needed
Conclude the lecture and thank the students for their participation