Chemistry in everyday life - What is biological response
- Introduction to biological response
- Definition of biological response
- Importance of studying biological response
- Examples of biological responses
- Heart rate increase during exercise
- Pupil dilation in response to light
- Adrenaline release during stressful situations
- Mechanisms of biological response
- Key molecules involved in biological response
- Relevance of chemical substances in biological response
- Effects of biological response on human health
- Applications of understanding biological response in medicine
- Mechanisms of biological response
- Signal transduction pathways
- Receptor-ligand interactions
- Activation of cellular pathways
- Secondary messengers
- Amplification of signals
- Key molecules involved in biological response
- Proteins and enzymes
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
- Receptors
- Signaling molecules
- Relevance of chemical substances in biological response
- Drugs and their effects on biological responses
- Environmental pollutants and their impact on biological responses
- Natural products and their role in physiological responses
- Chemical reactions and their influence on biological processes
- Synthetic chemicals and their potential disruptors of biological responses
- Effects of biological response on human health
- Regulation of metabolic pathways
- Maintenance of homeostasis
- Immune response and inflammation
- Genetic inheritance and variations in biological responses
- Impact of malfunctioning biological responses on diseases
- Applications of understanding biological response in medicine
- Drug development and testing
- Targeted therapies based on specific biological responses
- Diagnosis and monitoring of diseases through biomarkers
- Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
- Understanding the role of biological responses in drug resistance
- Examples of biological response
- Vasodilation and vasoconstriction in response to temperature changes
- Release of endorphins in response to pain or exercise
- Insulin secretion in response to high blood sugar levels
- Allergic reaction to allergens
- Production of antibodies in response to infections
- Heart rate increase during exercise
- Mechanism of increased heart rate during physical activity
- Role of adrenaline and noradrenaline in increasing heart rate
- Importance of increased blood flow during exercise
- Regulation of heart rate through the autonomic nervous system
- Pupil dilation in response to light
- Role of the iris in controlling pupil size
- Mechanism of pupil dilation in response to increased light intensity
- Importance of pupil dilation for better vision in low light conditions
- Regulation of pupil size through the autonomic nervous system
- Adrenaline release during stressful situations
- Role of the adrenal glands in producing adrenaline
- Mechanism of adrenaline release during stress
- Physiological changes associated with adrenaline release (increased heart rate, heightened senses)
- Fight or flight response and its significance in survival
- Regulation of metabolic pathways
- Role of enzymes in catalyzing metabolic reactions
- Feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation of metabolic pathways
- Importance of maintaining metabolic homeostasis
- Examples of metabolic disorders and their impact on biological responses
- Impact of drugs and toxins on metabolic pathways
- Types of chemical reactions in biology
- Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox)
- Role of electron transfer in redox reactions
- Examples of redox reactions in biological systems (cellular respiration, photosynthesis)
- Acid-base reactions
- Importance of maintaining pH balance in biological systems
- Buffer solutions and their role in regulating pH
- Hydrolysis reactions
- Breakdown of macromolecules into smaller subunits
- Examples of hydrolysis reactions (digestion of food, breakdown of ATP)
- Condensation reactions
- Formation of larger molecules from smaller subunits
- Importance of condensation reactions in synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids
- Enzymes in biological reactions
- Definition of enzymes and their role in catalysis
- Activation energy and enzyme-catalyzed reactions
- Lock and key model vs. induced fit model
- Factors affecting enzyme activity
- Temperature and pH
- Substrate concentration
- Enzyme inhibitors
- Examples of enzymes and their biological roles
- Amylase: hydrolysis of starch into glucose
- DNA polymerase: synthesis of DNA during replication
- Catalase: breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
- Lipase: hydrolysis of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
- Protease: hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids
- Hormones and their role in biological responses
- Definition of hormones and their function
- Classification of hormones (steroid, peptide, amine)
- Examples of hormones and their specific roles
- Insulin: regulation of glucose levels in the blood
- Thyroxine: regulation of metabolism
- Adrenaline: response to stress
- Estrogen and progesterone: regulation of the reproductive system
- Role of neurotransmitters in biological responses
- Definition of neurotransmitters and their function
- Types of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine)
- Significance of neurotransmitters in communication between neurons
- Neurotransmitter imbalances and their impact on mental health
- Receptors and their role in biological responses
- Definition of receptors and their function
- Types of receptors (ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors)
- Ligand-receptor interactions and signal transduction
- Examples of receptor-ligand interactions and their biological effects
- Signaling molecules in biological responses
- Definition of signaling molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters)
- Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling
- Cellular response to signaling molecules
- Examples of important signaling molecules and their roles (epinephrine, serotonin, insulin)
- Impact of biological responses on human health
- Maintenance of physiological balance and homeostasis
- Regulation of immune response and inflammation
- Genetic variations and their influence on biological responses
- Dysfunction of biological responses in diseases (diabetes, allergies, autoimmune disorders)
- Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
- Relationship between genetics and drug response
- Role of pharmacogenomics in tailoring drug treatments to individuals
- Prediction of drug efficacy and potential side effects
- Advantages and challenges of personalized medicine
- Conclusion and recap
- Importance of understanding biological responses in everyday life
- Relevance of chemistry in studying biological responses
- Recap of key concepts discussed in the lecture
- Application of knowledge in future studies and career paths