Chemistry in Everyday Life - What are Medicines?
Introduction to chemistry in everyday life
Importance of medicines
Definition of medicines
Types of medicines
Role of chemistry in the development of medicines
Types of Medicines
Prescription medicines
Examples: Antibiotics, painkillers, antidepressants
Require a doctor’s prescription to be purchased
Usage is specific to the patient’s condition and is monitored by healthcare professionals
Over-the-counter medicines
Examples: Antacids, cough medicines, allergy relief
Can be purchased without a prescription
Intended for self-treatment of common ailments
Drug Classes
Analgesics
Examples: Acetaminophen, ibuprofen
Used to relieve pain and reduce fever
Antibiotics
Examples: Penicillin, amoxicillin
Prescribed to treat bacterial infections
Antidepressants
Examples: Prozac, Zoloft
Used to treat depression and certain mood disorders
Antacids
Examples: Tums, Mylanta
Relieve heartburn and indigestion by neutralizing stomach acid
Drug Formulations
Tablets and capsules
Syrups and suspensions
Injections
Ointments and creams
Inhalers and nasal sprays
Drug Discovery Process
Identification of a target
Drug design and synthesis
Preclinical testing
Clinical trials
Regulatory approval
Chemical Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR)
Understanding the relationship between chemical structure and pharmacological activity
Helps in designing drugs with desired properties
Examples of structural modifications leading to improved activity
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Routes of administration
Factors affecting absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Common side effects
Serious adverse reactions
Factors influencing individual response to a drug
Drug interactions
Drug Interactions
Pharmacokinetic interactions
Pharmacodynamic interactions
Examples of drug-drug interactions
Drug Resistance
Definition and causes
Mechanisms of resistance development
Consequences and impact on treatment
Drug Delivery Systems
Controlled-release formulations
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery
Transdermal patches
Implants and targeted drug delivery systems
Pharmaceutical Formulations
Solid dosage forms
Tablets
Capsules
Powders
Semi-solid dosage forms
Creams
Ointments
Liquid dosage forms
Syrups
Suspensions
Solutions
Drug Absorption
Factors affecting drug absorption
Solubility
pH
Surface area
Blood flow
Routes of drug administration
Oral
Intravenous
Topical
Inhalation
Drug Metabolism (Biotransformation)
Enzymatic reactions involved in drug metabolism
Phase I reactions
Phase II reactions
Importance of drug metabolism
Factors influencing drug metabolism
Genetic variation
Age
Disease conditions
Drug Excretion
Routes of drug excretion
Kidneys (urine)
Liver (bile)
Factors affecting drug excretion
Renal function
pH of urine
Drug elimination half-life
Drug Interactions
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Pharmacodynamic drug interactions
Additive effects
Antagonistic effects
Synergistic effects
Drug Discovery and Development
Drug discovery process
Hit identification
Hit-to-lead optimization
Lead optimization
Candidate selection
Preclinical and clinical trials
Drug formulation and commercialization
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Definition and importance of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
Monitoring drug levels in blood or other body fluids
Examples of drugs requiring TDM
Benefits of TDM in optimizing drug therapy
Drug Safety and Regulatory Approval
Drug safety assessment
Preclinical toxicology studies
Clinical trials for safety evaluation
Regulatory approval process
FDA (United States)
EMA (European Union)
Health Canada
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Definition of drug abuse and addiction
Commonly abused drugs
Effects of drug abuse on the body and mind
Treatment options for drug addiction
Ethical Considerations in Medicine
Ethical issues in drug development and clinical trials
Informed consent
Patient confidentiality
The role of ethics committees in medicine </>