Chemistry in Everyday life - Classifications of Drugs

• Introduction to Chemistry in Everyday life
  • Importance of chemistry in everyday life
  • Relevance of drugs in our daily lives
• Classification of Drugs
  • Based on therapeutic effect
    • Analgesics
    • Antibiotics
    • Antacids
    • Antipyretics
    • Antiseptics
    • Antihistamines
  • Based on Pharmacological Action
    • Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
    • CNS Stimulants
    • Antidepressants
    • Antipsychotics
    • Cardiac drugs
    • Diuretics
• Analgesics
  • Definition and examples
  • Working mechanism of analgesics
  • Uses of analgesics in medical field
• Antibiotics
  • Definition and examples
  • Mechanism of action of antibiotics
  • Types of antibiotics (narrow spectrum, broad spectrum)
  • Importance of proper antibiotic usage
• Antacids
  • Definition and examples
  • Mode of action of antacids
  • Uses of antacids in treating acidity and indigestion
• Antipyretics
  • Definition and examples
  • Role of antipyretics in reducing fever
  • Commonly used antipyretics and their dosage
• Antiseptics
  • Definition and examples
  • Purpose and usage of antiseptics
  • Difference between antiseptics and disinfectants
• Antihistamines
  • Definition and examples
  • Role of antihistamines in treating allergies
  • Side effects and precautions of antihistamines
• Recap and Quick Quiz
  • Brief review of the classification of drugs
  • Interactive quiz to test understanding of the topic
• Conclusion
  • Summary of key points discussed
  • Importance of understanding the classification of drugs in everyday life

Analgesics

• Definition: Drugs that relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness
• Examples:
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
  • Aspirin
• Mechanism of action:
  • Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
  • Blocking pain receptors in the brain
• Uses in the medical field:
  • Treating headaches, muscle pain, toothaches, and menstrual cramps

Antibiotics

• Definition: Drugs that inhibit the growth of, or kill, bacteria
• Examples:
  • Penicillin
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Tetracycline
• Mechanism of action:
  • Interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
• Types of antibiotics:
  • Narrow spectrum antibiotics target specific bacteria
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics target a wide range of bacteria
• Importance of proper antibiotic usage:
  • Preventing antibiotic resistance
  • Avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics

Antacids

• Definition: Substances that neutralize excess stomach acid
• Examples:
  • Calcium carbonate (Tums)
  • Aluminum hydroxide
  • Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
• Mode of action:
  • Reacting with stomach acid to form a neutral salt
• Uses in treating acidity and indigestion:
  • Relief from heartburn and acid reflux
  • Treatment of stomach ulcers

Antipyretics

• Definition: Drugs that reduce fever
• Examples:
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
• Role in reducing fever:
  • Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus
  • Impairing heat regulation process of the body
• Commonly used antipyretics and their dosage:
  • Acetaminophen: 500 mg - 1000 mg every 6 hours
  • Ibuprofen: 200 mg - 400 mg every 4 - 6 hours

Antiseptics

• Definition: Substances that inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms on living tissues
• Examples:
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Isopropyl alcohol
  • Chlorhexidine solution
• Purpose and usage of antiseptics:
  • Cleaning and disinfecting wounds
  • Preparing the skin before surgeries
  • Reducing the risk of infection

Antihistamines

• Definition: Drugs that block the action of histamine, a chemical released during an allergic reaction
• Examples:
  • Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  • Loratadine (Claritin)
  • Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
• Role in treating allergies:
  • Reducing itching, sneezing, and runny nose
  • Minimizing symptoms of allergic reactions
• Side effects and precautions:
  • Drowsiness and sedation
  • Avoiding alcohol while taking antihistamines

Recap and Quick Quiz

• Recap of the classification of drugs discussed:
  • Analgesics, antibiotics, antacids, antipyretics, antiseptics, antihistamines
• Quick interactive quiz to test understanding of the topic:
  • Multiple-choice questions on drug classification and their uses

Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants

• Definition: Drugs that slow down brain activity
• Examples:
  • Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
  • Barbiturates (Phenobarbital)
• Pharmacological action:
  • Enhancing the effect of inhibitory neurotransmitters
  • Decreasing the excitability of neurons
• Uses:
  • Treating anxiety, insomnia, and seizures

CNS Stimulants

• Definition: Drugs that increase brain activity
• Examples:
  • Amphetamines (Adderall)
  • Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
• Pharmacological action:
  • Increasing the release or blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine
• Uses:
  • Treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy

Antidepressants

• Definition: Drugs that alleviate symptoms of depression
• Examples:
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - Amitriptyline, Imipramine
• Mechanism of action:
  • Regulation of mood-stabilizing neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine
• Importance of proper usage and monitoring in treating depression

Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants (contd.)

• Benzodiazepines
  • Example: Diazepam (Valium), Alprazolam (Xanax)
  • Mechanism of action:
    • Enhancing the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter
    • Producing sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects
  • Uses:
    • Treating anxiety disorders, seizures, and insomnia
• Barbiturates
  • Example: Phenobarbital
  • Mechanism of action:
    • Increasing the duration of GABA-mediated chloride currents
    • Suppressing neuronal activity
  • Uses:
    • Controlling seizures and as general anesthesia
• Side effects and precautions:
  • Sedation and drowsiness
  • Physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms
• Importance of proper usage and monitoring in treating CNS disorders

CNS Stimulants (contd.)

• Amphetamines
  • Example: Dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
  • Mechanism of action:
    • Enhancing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine
    • Increasing their concentration in the brain
  • Uses:
    • Treating ADHD and enhancing focus
• Methylphenidate
  • Example: Ritalin
  • Mechanism of action:
    • Blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
  • Uses:
    • Managing symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy
• Side effects and precautions:
  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Potential for addiction and abuse
• Importance of controlled usage and medical supervision

Antidepressants (contd.)

• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Examples: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft)
  • Mechanism of action:
    • Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin
    • Increasing its concentration in the brain
  • Uses:
    • Treating depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  • Examples: Amitriptyline, Imipramine
  • Mechanism of action:
    • Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
  • Uses:
    • Managing depression and chronic pain
• Importance of personalized treatment plans and monitoring for efficacy and side effects

Antipsychotics

• Definition: Drugs that manage symptoms of psychotic disorders
• Examples:
  • First-generation antipsychotics: Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine
  • Second-generation antipsychotics: Risperidone, Quetiapine
• Mechanism of action:
  • Blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
  • Alleviating hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms
• Uses:
  • Treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe agitation

Cardiac Drugs

• Definition: Drugs that affect the functioning of the heart and blood vessels
• Examples:
  • Beta blockers: Metoprolol, Atenolol
  • Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem
  • ACE inhibitors: Lisinopril, Enalapril
• Mechanism of action:
  • Beta blockers: Blocking the effects of adrenaline, reducing heart rate and blood pressure
  • Calcium channel blockers: Relaxing blood vessels and reducing heart workload
  • ACE inhibitors: Inhibiting the enzyme that constricts blood vessels
• Uses:
  • Managing hypertension, heart failure, and angina

Diuretics

• Definition: Drugs that increase urine production and excretion
• Examples:
  • Thiazide diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide
  • Loop diuretics: Furosemide
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics: Spironolactone
• Mechanism of action:
  • Thiazide diuretics: Inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys
  • Loop diuretics: Blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics: Reducing potassium loss in urine
• Uses:
  • Controlling edema, hypertension, and kidney disorders

Conclusion

• Summary of key points discussed:
  • Classification of drugs based on therapeutic effect and pharmacological action
  • Examples and mechanisms of action of various drug classes
  • Uses, side effects, and precautions of different drugs
• Importance of understanding the classification of drugs:
  • Appropriate and safe medication usage
  • Awareness of potential interactions and side effects
• How knowledge of chemistry in everyday life helps in making informed decisions