Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Types And Nomenclature

Aldehydes have a general formula RCHO, where R is an alkyl or aryl group.
They are polar compounds due to the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O), which leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Aldehydes have a lower boiling point than corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids.
They exhibit a sweet or fruity smell.
Many aldehydes can undergo oxidation reactions to form carboxylic acids.

The parent chain is named according to the longest carbon chain that includes the aldehyde group.
The suffix “-al” is used to indicate the presence of an aldehyde group.
If the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the suffix “-carbaldehyde” is used.
Numbering of the compound starts from the side nearest to the aldehyde group.

Ketones have a general formula RCOR’, where R and R’ can be alkyl or aryl groups.
They are polar compounds due to the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O), which leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Ketones have a higher boiling point than alkanes, but lower than alcohols and carboxylic acids.
They exhibit a sharp, sweet, or fruity smell.
Ketones are relatively stable and do not undergo oxidation reactions easily.

Acetone (CH3COCH3)
Propanone (CH3COCH3)
Butanone (CH3COCH2CH3)
Benzophenone (C6H5COCH2C6H5)
Cyclohexanone (C6H11COCH3)

The parent chain is named according to the longest carbon chain that includes the carbonyl group.
The suffix “-one” is used to indicate the presence of a ketone group.
If the ketone group is attached to a ring, the prefix “oxo-” is used before the name of the ring.

Carboxylic acids have a general formula RCOOH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group.
They are polar compounds due to the presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH).
Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones.
They are usually soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Carboxylic acids are weak acids and can donate a proton.

The parent chain is named according to the longest carbon chain that includes the carboxyl group.
The suffix “-oic acid” is used to indicate the presence of a carboxylic acid group.
If the carboxylic acid group is attached to a ring, the prefix “carboxy-” is used before the name of the ring.

Aldehydes have the general formula RCHO, exhibit a sweet or fruity smell, and can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids.
Ketones have the general formula RCOR’, exhibit a sharp, sweet, or fruity smell, and are relatively stable.
Carboxylic acids have the general formula RCOOH, are soluble in water, and are weak acids.
The nomenclature of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids follows specific rules based on the presence of functional groups and the longest carbon chain.

Structure and Properties of Aldehyde and Ketone Derivatives

Aldehydes can undergo various reactions to form derivatives.
Acetals are formed when aldehydes react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Hemiacetals are formed when aldehydes react with alcohols in the absence of an acid catalyst.
Aldehydes can also undergo oxidation reactions to form carboxylic acids.

Ketones can also undergo various reactions to form derivatives.
Ketals are formed when ketones react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Hemiketals are formed when ketones react with alcohols in the absence of an acid catalyst.
Ketones can also be reduced to form alcohols.

Aldehydes can undergo nucleophilic addition reactions, where a nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group.
Aldehydes react with ammonia to form imines.
Aldehydes can undergo Cannizzaro reaction to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol.
Aldehydes can react with Grignard reagents to form alcohols.

Aldehydes have a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones have two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon.
Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones due to the presence of the hydrogen atom.
Aldehydes are more easily oxidized than ketones.
Aldehydes and ketones can both undergo nucleophilic addition reactions, but the nature of the substituents affects the reactivity.

Derivatives of aldehydes and ketones are named based on the parent compound and the substituents present.
Common derivatives include acetals, hemiacetals, imines, and enols.
IUPAC rules are followed to determine the numbering and naming of the substituents.

Carboxylic acids can undergo various chemical reactions.
Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols to form esters and water.
Carboxylic acids can undergo acid-base reactions to form carboxylate ions and water.
Carboxylic acids can also undergo decarboxylation reactions to form carbon dioxide and an alkane.

Carboxylic acid derivatives are named based on the parent compound and the type of derivative present.
Common derivatives include acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides.
IUPAC rules are followed to determine the numbering and naming of the substituents.