Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Reaction Of COOH group

  • Reaction of carboxylic acids:
    • Carboxylic acids are acidic due to the presence of a carboxyl group.
    • They undergo various reactions to form different products.
  • Reaction with metals:
    • Carboxylic acids react with reactive metals to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding salt.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium to form sodium ethanoate and hydrogen gas.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + Na → CH3COONa + H2.
  • Esterification reaction:
    • Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to form ethyl ethanoate and water.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O.
  • Reaction with ammonia:
    • Carboxylic acids react with ammonia to form amides and water.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with ammonia to form ethanamide and water.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + NH3 → CH3CONH2 + H2O.
  • Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates:
    • Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and the corresponding salt.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate to form sodium ethanoate, carbon dioxide, and water.
      • Equation: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O.
  • Reduction reaction:
    • Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols by using a reducing agent like LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
    • Example:
      • Reduction of ethanoic acid with LiAlH4 to form ethanol.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + 4[H] → CH3CH2OH + H2O.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

  • Nucleophilic addition reactions:
    • Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions due to the presence of the carbonyl group.
    • They react with nucleophiles to form addition products.
  • Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a base to form cyanohydrins.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of propanal with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of sodium cyanide to form 2-hydroxypropanenitrile.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + HCN → CH3CH(OH)CN.
  • Nucleophilic addition of sodium hydrogen sulfite:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with sodium hydrogen sulfite in the presence of water to form bisulfite adducts.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of butanone with sodium hydrogen sulfite in the presence of water to form sodium 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutan-1-sulfonate.
      • Equation: CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2 + NaHSO3 + H2O → CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2.HSO3.Na.
  • Nucleophilic addition of sodium bisulfite:
    • Aldehydes react with sodium bisulfite in the presence of water to form addition products.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of benzaldehyde with sodium bisulfite in the presence of water to form a bisulfite adduct.
      • Equation: C6H5CHO + NaHSO3 + H2O → C6H5CH(OH)SO3.Na.
  • Nucleophilic addition of hydrazine:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrazine in the presence of a base to form hydrazones.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of propanal with hydrazine in the presence of acetic acid to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + C6H3(NO2)2NHNH2 → CH3CH=C(NNH2)C6H3(NO2)2 + H2O.
  • Nucleophilic addition of primary amines:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with primary amines to form imines.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of formaldehyde with methylamine to form N-methylformaldimine.
      • Equation: HCHO + CH3NH2 → H2C=CHN(CH3)H.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Oxidation & Reduction Reactions

  • Oxidation of aldehydes:
    • Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents like acidified potassium dichromate or Tollens’ reagent.
    • Example:
      • Oxidation of propanal with acidified potassium dichromate to form propanoic acid.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + [O] → CH3CH2COOH.
  • Oxidation of aldehydes by Tollens’ reagent:
    • Aldehydes can be oxidized by Tollens’ reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to form silver mirror and carboxylic acids.
    • Example:
      • Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid by Tollens’ reagent.
      • Equation: CH3CH2OH + 2Ag(NH3)2OH → CH3COOH + Ag2O + 4NH3 + H2O.
  • Reduction of aldehydes and ketones:
    • Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols respectively by using reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
    • Example:
      • Reduction of propanone with sodium borohydride to form propan-2-ol.
      • Equation: CH3COCH3 + 2[H] → CH3CHOHCH3.
  • Cannizzaro reaction:
    • The reaction of aldehydes which do not have an alpha-hydrogen atom with concentrated alkali (like sodium hydroxide) gives a mixture of alcohol and carboxylic acid.
    • Example:
      • Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde to form benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid.
      • Equation: 2C6H5CHO + NaOH → C6H5CH2OH + C6H5COONa.
  • Aldol condensation:
    • Aldehydes or ketones having alpha-hydrogen atoms react with each other in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-hydroxy ketones.
    • Example:
      • Aldol condensation of propanal to form propan-2-ol.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + CH3CHO → CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Reaction Of COOH group

  • Reaction of carboxylic acids:
    • Carboxylic acids are acidic due to the presence of a carboxyl group.
    • They undergo various reactions to form different products.
  • Reaction with metals:
    • Carboxylic acids react with reactive metals to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding salt.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium to form sodium ethanoate and hydrogen gas.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + Na → CH3COONa + H2.
  • Esterification reaction:
    • Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to form ethyl ethanoate and water.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O.
  • Reaction with ammonia:
    • Carboxylic acids react with ammonia to form amides and water.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with ammonia to form ethanamide and water.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + NH3 → CH3CONH2 + H2O.
  • Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates:
    • Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and the corresponding salt.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate to form sodium ethanoate, carbon dioxide, and water.
      • Equation: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O.
  • Reduction reaction:
    • Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols by using a reducing agent like LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
    • Example:
      • Reduction of ethanoic acid with LiAlH4 to form ethanol.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + 4[H] → CH3CH2OH + H2O.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

  • Nucleophilic addition reactions:
    • Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions due to the presence of the carbonyl group.
    • They react with nucleophiles to form addition products.
  • Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a base to form cyanohydrins.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of propanal with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of sodium cyanide to form 2-hydroxypropanenitrile.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + HCN → CH3CH(OH)CN.
  • Nucleophilic addition of sodium hydrogen sulfite:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with sodium hydrogen sulfite in the presence of water to form bisulfite adducts.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of butanone with sodium hydrogen sulfite in the presence of water to form sodium 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutan-1-sulfonate.
      • Equation: CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2 + NaHSO3 + H2O → CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2.HSO3.Na.
  • Nucleophilic addition of sodium bisulfite:
    • Aldehydes react with sodium bisulfite in the presence of water to form addition products.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of benzaldehyde with sodium bisulfite in the presence of water to form a bisulfite adduct.
      • Equation: C6H5CHO + NaHSO3 + H2O → C6H5CH(OH)SO3.Na.
  • Nucleophilic addition of hydrazine:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrazine in the presence of a base to form hydrazones.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of propanal with hydrazine in the presence of acetic acid to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + C6H3(NO2)2NHNH2 → CH3CH=C(NNH2)C6H3(NO2)2 + H2O.
  • Nucleophilic addition of primary amines:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with primary amines to form imines.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of formaldehyde with methylamine to form N-methylformaldimine.
      • Equation: HCHO + CH3NH2 → H2C=CHN(CH3)H.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Oxidation & Reduction Reactions

  • Oxidation of aldehydes:
    • Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents like acidified potassium dichromate or Tollens’ reagent.
    • Example:
      • Oxidation of propanal with acidified potassium dichromate to form propanoic acid.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + [O] → CH3CH2COOH.
  • Oxidation of aldehydes by Tollens’ reagent:
    • Aldehydes can be oxidized by Tollens’ reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) to form silver mirror and carboxylic acids.
    • Example:
      • Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid by Tollens’ reagent.
      • Equation: CH3CH2OH + 2Ag(NH3)2OH → CH3COOH + Ag2O + 4NH3 + H2O.
  • Reduction of aldehydes and ketones:
    • Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols respectively by using reducing agents like sodium borohydride.
    • Example:
      • Reduction of propanone with sodium borohydride to form propan-2-ol.
      • Equation: CH3COCH3 + 2[H] → CH3CHOHCH3.
  • Cannizzaro reaction:
    • The reaction of aldehydes which do not have an alpha-hydrogen atom with concentrated alkali (like sodium hydroxide) gives a mixture of alcohol and carboxylic acid.
    • Example:
      • Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde to form benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid.
      • Equation: 2C6H5CHO + NaOH → C6H5CH2OH + C6H5COONa.
  • Aldol condensation:
    • Aldehydes or ketones having alpha-hydrogen atoms react with each other in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-hydroxy ketones.
    • Example:
      • Aldol condensation of propanal to form propan-2-ol.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + CH3CHO → CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Reaction Of COOH group

  • Reaction of carboxylic acids:
    • Carboxylic acids are acidic due to the presence of a carboxyl group.
    • They undergo various reactions to form different products.
  • Reaction with metals:
    • Carboxylic acids react with reactive metals to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding salt.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium to form sodium ethanoate and hydrogen gas.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + Na → CH3COONa + H2.
  • Esterification reaction:
    • Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to form ethyl ethanoate and water.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O.
  • Reaction with ammonia:
    • Carboxylic acids react with ammonia to form amides and water.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with ammonia to form ethanamide and water.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + NH3 → CH3CONH2 + H2O.
  • Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates:
    • Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and the corresponding salt.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate to form sodium ethanoate, carbon dioxide, and water.
      • Equation: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O.
  • Reduction reaction:
    • Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols by using a reducing agent like LiAlH4 or sodium borohydride.
    • Example:
      • Reduction of ethanoic acid with LiAlH4 to form ethanol.
      • Equation: CH3COOH + 4[H] → CH3CH2OH + H2O.

Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

  • Nucleophilic addition reactions:
    • Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions due to the presence of the carbonyl group.
    • They react with nucleophiles to form addition products.
  • Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a base to form cyanohydrins.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of propanal with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of sodium cyanide to form 2-hydroxypropanenitrile.
      • Equation: CH3CH2CHO + HCN → CH3CH(OH)CN.
  • Nucleophilic addition of sodium hydrogen sulfite:
    • Aldehydes and ketones react with sodium hydrogen sulfite in the presence of water to form bisulfite adducts.
    • Example:
      • Reaction of butanone with sodium hydrogen sulfite in the presence of water to form sodium 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutan-1-sulfonate.