Slide 1: Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids - Concept Based Problems

  • Introduction to Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
  • Important functional groups
  • Key concepts related to identifying compounds and reactions

Slide 2: Functional Groups

  • Carbonyl group (C=O)
    • Aldehydes
    • Ketones
    • Carboxylic acids

Slide 3: Aldehydes

  • General formula: RCHO
  • Nomenclature of aldehydes
  • Examples:
    • Formaldehyde (HCHO)
    • Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
  • Physical properties of aldehydes

Slide 4: Ketones

  • General formula: RCOR'
  • Nomenclature of ketones
  • Examples:
    • Acetone (CH3COCH3)
    • Butanone (CH3COCH2CH3)
  • Physical properties of ketones

Slide 5: Carboxylic Acids

  • General formula: RCOOH
  • Nomenclature of carboxylic acids
  • Examples:
    • Formic acid (HCOOH)
    • Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
  • Physical properties of carboxylic acids

Slide 6: Common Reactions

  • Nucleophilic addition
  • Reduction
  • Oxidation
  • Dehydration
  • Esterification

Slide 7: Nucleophilic Addition

  • Addition of nucleophile (e.g., water) to the carbonyl group
  • Formation of hydrates

Slide 8: Reduction

  • Reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols using reducing agents
  • Examples:
    • Reduction of propanal to propan-1-ol
    • Reduction of acetone to isopropyl alcohol

Slide 9: Oxidation

  • Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids
  • Examples:
    • Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid
    • Oxidation of ethanal to ethanoic acid

Slide 10: Dehydration

  • Formation of alkenes through elimination of water
  • Dehydration reactions of alcohols
  • Examples:
    • Dehydration of ethanol to ethene
    • Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene

Slide 11: Identifying Compounds and Reactors

  • Functional groups present in the compound
  • Analyzing the position of the carbonyl group
  • Looking for other substituents and their effects on reactivity
  • Observing spectral data, such as infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS)
  • Conducting chemical tests to confirm the presence of aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids

Slide 12: Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

  • Nucleophilic addition of cyanide ion to form cyanohydrins
  • Nucleophilic addition of alcohols to form acetals or ketals
  • Nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents to form alcohols
  • Nucleophilic addition of ammonia or amine compounds to form imines or enamines
  • Nucleophilic addition of hydrazine to form hydrazones

Slide 13: Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones

  • Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes using oxidizing agents like PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) or CrO3 (chromium trioxide)
  • Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones using oxidizing agents like PCC or CrO3
  • No further oxidation occurs with ketones

Slide 14: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Wolff-Kishner and Clemmensen Reduction

  • The Wolff-Kishner reduction converts aldehydes and ketones to alkanes by a reaction with hydrazine and a strong base
  • The Clemmensen reduction converts aldehydes and ketones to alkanes by a reaction with zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Slide 15: Ester Formation from Carboxylic Acids

  • Reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to form esters
  • Examples:
    • Ethanoic acid + Methanol → Methyl ethanoate + Water
    • Propanoic acid + Propanol → Propyl propanoate + Water

Slide 16: Hydrolysis of Esters

  • Acidic Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis of esters in the presence of an acid catalyst
  • Basic Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis of esters in the presence of a base catalyst

Slide 17: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols and Amines

  • Esterification: Reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols to form esters
  • Amidation: Reaction of carboxylic acids with amines to form amides

Slide 18: Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols

  • Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols using strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
  • Example: Ethanoic acid + LiAlH4 → Ethanol

Slide 19: Acid Derivatives (Acid Chlorides, Acid Anhydrides, Esters, Amides)

  • Introduction to acid derivatives and their general structure
  • Formation of acid chlorides and reactions with nucleophiles
  • Formation of acid anhydrides and reactions with nucleophiles
  • Formation of esters and reactions with nucleophiles
  • Formation of amides and reactions with nucleophiles

Slide 20: Substituent Effects on Reactivity

  • Electronegative substituents decrease the reactivity of carbonyl compounds
  • Electron-donating substituents increase the reactivity of carbonyl compounds
  • Ester and amide substituents can donate or withdraw electron density, depending on their nature
  • Resonance effects can also influence the reactivity of carbonyl compounds

Slide 21: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)

  • Introduction to electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions
  • Mechanism of EAS reactions
  • Examples of EAS reactions:
    • Nitration of benzene using nitric acid
    • Halogenation of benzene using halogens
    • Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene using alkyl halides
    • Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene using acyl halides

Slide 22: Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds

  • Nomenclature rules for benzene derivatives
  • Substituent groups and their prefixes
  • Examples of naming aromatic compounds:
    • Toluene (methylbenzene)
    • Nitrobenzene
    • Aniline (aminobenzene)

Slide 23: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

  • Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds
  • Aromatic hydroxylation using KMnO4 or H2CrO4
  • Reduction of nitro groups using Fe/HCl
  • Reduction of carbonyl groups using catalytic hydrogenation
  • Example reactions and mechanisms

Slide 24: Aromaticity

  • Definition of aromatic compounds
  • Requirements for aromaticity:
    • Planarity
    • Conjugation
    • Huckel’s rule (4n+2 pi electrons)

Slide 25: Aromatic Heterocycles

  • Introduction to aromatic heterocycles
  • Examples of common aromatic heterocycles:
    • Pyridine
    • Pyrrole
    • Thiophene
    • Furan

Slide 26: Chemical Properties of Phenols

  • Introduction to phenols
  • Acidity of phenols
  • Reactions of phenols:
    • Oxidation
    • Esterification
    • Halogenation
    • Nitration

Slide 27: Acid-Base Properties of Carboxylic Acids

  • Acidic nature of carboxylic acids
  • Ionization of carboxylic acids
  • Factors affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids:
    • Electron-withdrawing groups
    • Resonance effects
    • Inductive effects

Slide 28: Esterification and Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acids

  • Esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols
  • Hydrolysis of esters to form carboxylic acids
  • Acidic and basic hydrolysis mechanisms
  • Examples of esterification and hydrolysis reactions

Slide 29: Amine Derivatives

  • Introduction to amine derivatives
  • Structure and nomenclature of amines, amides, and imines
  • Reactions of amines:
    • Basicity of amines
    • Acylation reactions to form amides
    • Esterification reactions to form carbamates

Slide 30: Polymerization of Carboxylic Acids, Esters & Amines

  • Polymerization reactions of carboxylic acids
  • Polymerization reactions of esters
  • Polymerization reactions of amines
  • Examples of polymerization reactions and resulting polymers