Genetics and Evolution- Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Protein synthesis or translation
Slide 1
- Introduction to molecular basis of inheritance
- Overview of protein synthesis or translation process
- Importance of protein synthesis in genetic expression
Slide 2
- Overview of DNA structure
- Nucleotides and base pairing
- DNA replication as a precursor to protein synthesis
Slide 3
- Transcription process
- RNA synthesis from DNA template
- Role of RNA polymerase and transcription factors
Slide 4
- Three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Slide 5
- Structure and function of mRNA
- Role of mRNA in carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
- Codons as three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA
Slide 6
- Structure and function of tRNA
- Role of tRNA in transferring amino acids to ribosomes
- Anticodons as complementary sequences to codons on mRNA
Slide 7
- Structure and function of rRNA
- Role of rRNA in protein synthesis
- Formation of ribosomes from rRNA and protein complexes
Slide 8
- Initiation phase of translation
- Binding of mRNA to ribosomes
- Assembly of initiation complex including initiation factors
Slide 9
- Elongation phase of translation
- Codon recognition by tRNA
- Peptide bond formation between amino acids
Slide 10
- Termination phase of translation
- Recognition of stop codons
- Release of polypeptide chain and disassembly of ribosomes
Slide 11
- Biosynthesis of proteins
- Ribosome and its function in protein synthesis
- Formation of polypeptide chains
Slide 12
- Genetic code and codons
- Universal nature of the genetic code
- Examples of codons and their corresponding amino acids
Slide 13
- Role of tRNA in protein synthesis
- Charging of tRNA with specific amino acids
- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme and its role
Slide 14
- Wobble hypothesis
- Degeneracy of the genetic code
- Multiple codons coding for the same amino acid
Slide 15
- Regulation of protein synthesis
- Control mechanisms at transcription and translation levels
- Examples of gene regulation in response to environmental cues
Slide 16
- Importance of post-translational modifications
- Addition of functional groups or chemical modification of amino acids
- Examples of post-translational modifications and their significance
Slide 17
- Errors in protein synthesis
- Types of mutations and their impact on protein structure and function
- Diseases and disorders associated with mutations in protein synthesis
Slide 18
- Riboswitches as regulatory elements in mRNA
- Role of riboswitches in controlling gene expression
- Examples of riboswitches and their function
Slide 19
- Techniques used to study protein synthesis
- In vitro translation systems
- Fluorescent labeling of proteins for visualization
Slide 20
- Applications of understanding protein synthesis
- Drug discovery and development
- Genetic engineering and biotechnology advancements
Slide 21
- Regulation of translation
- Translational control by microRNAs
- Role of microRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation
- Examples of microRNAs and their targets
Slide 22
- Translational control by RNA-binding proteins
- Binding of RNA-binding proteins to specific sequences in mRNA
- Regulation of translation initiation or elongation
Slide 23
- Regulation of translation by phosphorylation
- Phosphorylation of translation initiation factors
- Impact on the efficiency of translation
Slide 24
- Translational efficiency and codon usage bias
- Influence of codon usage on translation speed and protein production
- Factors affecting codon usage bias in different organisms
Slide 25
- Polyribosomes and simultaneous translation
- Formation of polysomes on mRNA
- Enhancement of translational efficiency
Slide 26
- Post-translational modifications of proteins
- Phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and methylation
- Impact on protein structure, stability, and function
Slide 27
- Protein folding and chaperones
- Role of chaperone proteins in proper folding of newly synthesized polypeptides
- Examples of chaperone proteins and their mechanisms
Slide 28
- Quality control mechanisms in protein synthesis
- Protein degradation by proteasomes
- Role of ubiquitin in tagging proteins for degradation
Slide 29
- Translation and human diseases
- Genetic disorders caused by defects in translation
- Examples of diseases associated with dysfunctional protein synthesis
Slide 30
- Future directions in protein synthesis research
- Advances in understanding translation mechanisms
- Potential applications in medicine and biotechnology
Genetics and Evolution- Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Protein synthesis or translation