Genetics and Evolution- Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Protein synthesis or translation

Slide 1

• Introduction to molecular basis of inheritance
• Overview of protein synthesis or translation process
• Importance of protein synthesis in genetic expression

Slide 2

• Overview of DNA structure
• Nucleotides and base pairing
• DNA replication as a precursor to protein synthesis

Slide 3

• Transcription process
• RNA synthesis from DNA template
• Role of RNA polymerase and transcription factors

Slide 4

• Three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Slide 5

• Structure and function of mRNA
• Role of mRNA in carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• Codons as three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA

Slide 6

• Structure and function of tRNA
• Role of tRNA in transferring amino acids to ribosomes
• Anticodons as complementary sequences to codons on mRNA

Slide 7

• Structure and function of rRNA
• Role of rRNA in protein synthesis
• Formation of ribosomes from rRNA and protein complexes

Slide 8

• Initiation phase of translation
• Binding of mRNA to ribosomes
• Assembly of initiation complex including initiation factors

Slide 9

• Elongation phase of translation
• Codon recognition by tRNA
• Peptide bond formation between amino acids

Slide 10

• Termination phase of translation
• Recognition of stop codons
• Release of polypeptide chain and disassembly of ribosomes

Slide 11

• Biosynthesis of proteins
• Ribosome and its function in protein synthesis
• Formation of polypeptide chains

Slide 12

• Genetic code and codons
• Universal nature of the genetic code
• Examples of codons and their corresponding amino acids

Slide 13

• Role of tRNA in protein synthesis
• Charging of tRNA with specific amino acids
• Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme and its role

Slide 14

• Wobble hypothesis
• Degeneracy of the genetic code
• Multiple codons coding for the same amino acid

Slide 15

• Regulation of protein synthesis
• Control mechanisms at transcription and translation levels
• Examples of gene regulation in response to environmental cues

Slide 16

• Importance of post-translational modifications
• Addition of functional groups or chemical modification of amino acids
• Examples of post-translational modifications and their significance

Slide 17

• Errors in protein synthesis
• Types of mutations and their impact on protein structure and function
• Diseases and disorders associated with mutations in protein synthesis

Slide 18

• Riboswitches as regulatory elements in mRNA
• Role of riboswitches in controlling gene expression
• Examples of riboswitches and their function

Slide 19

• Techniques used to study protein synthesis
• In vitro translation systems
• Fluorescent labeling of proteins for visualization

Slide 20

• Applications of understanding protein synthesis
• Drug discovery and development
• Genetic engineering and biotechnology advancements

Slide 21

• Regulation of translation
• Translational control by microRNAs
• Role of microRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation
• Examples of microRNAs and their targets

Slide 22

• Translational control by RNA-binding proteins
• Binding of RNA-binding proteins to specific sequences in mRNA
• Regulation of translation initiation or elongation

Slide 23

• Regulation of translation by phosphorylation
• Phosphorylation of translation initiation factors
• Impact on the efficiency of translation

Slide 24

• Translational efficiency and codon usage bias
• Influence of codon usage on translation speed and protein production
• Factors affecting codon usage bias in different organisms

Slide 25

• Polyribosomes and simultaneous translation
• Formation of polysomes on mRNA
• Enhancement of translational efficiency

Slide 26

• Post-translational modifications of proteins
• Phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and methylation
• Impact on protein structure, stability, and function

Slide 27

• Protein folding and chaperones
• Role of chaperone proteins in proper folding of newly synthesized polypeptides
• Examples of chaperone proteins and their mechanisms

Slide 28

• Quality control mechanisms in protein synthesis
• Protein degradation by proteasomes
• Role of ubiquitin in tagging proteins for degradation

Slide 29

• Translation and human diseases
• Genetic disorders caused by defects in translation
• Examples of diseases associated with dysfunctional protein synthesis

Slide 30

• Future directions in protein synthesis research
• Advances in understanding translation mechanisms
• Potential applications in medicine and biotechnology