Genetics and Evolution: Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Life cycle of Bacteriophage
Slide 1
Introduction to the topic: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Definition of Bacteriophage
Importance of studying the life cycle of Bacteriophage
Slide 2
Bacteriophage: A type of virus that infects bacteria
Structure of Bacteriophage:
Head or capsid
Tail sheath
Tail fibers
Attachment and entry of Bacteriophage into the bacterial host cell
Slide 3
Lytic cycle of Bacteriophage:
Attachment and entry of Bacteriophage DNA into host cell
Viral DNA replication
Transcription and translation of viral genes
Assembly of new phage particles
Lysis of host cell and release of phages
Slide 4
Lysogenic cycle of Bacteriophage:
Integration of phage DNA into host cell genome
Replication along with host DNA
Transmission of prophage to daughter cells
Activation of the lytic cycle when triggered
Slide 5
Comparison between Lytic and Lysogenic cycles:
Lytic Cycle:
Rapid and productive
Kills the host cell
Lysogenic Cycle:
Slow and non-destructive initially
Allows replication and transmission of the prophage
Slide 6
Regulation of Lysogenic Cycle:
Repressor protein
Activation by DNA damage or other stress signals
Role of prophage in horizontal gene transfer
Slide 7
Role of bacteriophages in genetic recombination
Transduction as a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer
Generalized and specialized transduction
Slide 8
Applications of knowledge about Bacteriophages:
Phage therapy for bacterial infections
Use of phages in genetic engineering and biotechnology
Study of viral genetics and evolution
Slide 9
Molecular Biology techniques used in studying Bacteriophages:
DNA extraction and purification
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Gel electrophoresis
DNA sequencing and analysis
Slide 10
Conclusion:
Importance of studying the life cycle of Bacteriophage in understanding genetic processes
Applications and relevance in various fields of biology
Future prospects and advancements in phage research
Slide 11
Introduction to Genetics and Evolution
Definition of genetics and evolution
Importance of understanding the molecular basis of inheritance
Slide 12
DNA: The hereditary molecule
Structure of DNA:
Double helix
Complementary base pairing (A-T, G-C)
DNA replication:
Semi-conservative mechanism
Role of DNA polymerase
Slide 13
Central dogma of molecular biology:
DNA transcription
RNA translation
Types of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Slide 14
Genetic code:
Codons and amino acids
Start and stop codons
Degeneracy of the genetic code
Examples of genetic disorders caused by mutations
Slide 15
Gene expression and regulation:
Transcription factors and promoters
Enhancers and silencers
Regulation of gene expression by microRNAs
Slide 16
Gene regulation in prokaryotes:
Lac operon
Trp operon
Examples of positive and negative control of gene expression
Slide 17
DNA sequencing techniques:
Sanger sequencing
Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
Applications of DNA sequencing in genomics and personalized medicine
Slide 18
Evolution: Driving force of biodiversity
Evidence for evolution:
Paleontological evidence
Comparative anatomy and homology
Molecular biology and homologous genes
Slide 19
Process of natural selection:
Variation within a population
Struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest
Examples of natural selection in action
Slide 20
Speciation: Origin of new species
Types of isolation:
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
Mechanisms of speciation:
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Slide 21
Genetic variation and adaptation:
Causes of genetic variation:
Mutation
Genetic recombination
Gene flow
Role of genetic variation in adaptation to changing environments
Examples of adaptation in organisms:
Camouflage in animals
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Slide 22
Mechanisms of evolution:
Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation
The role of each mechanism in shaping the genetic makeup of populations
Slide 23
Hardy-Weinberg principle:
Definition of allele frequency and genotype frequency
Conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Calculation of allele frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg equation
Example calculations using the Hardy-Weinberg equation
Slide 24
Evidence for human evolution:
Fossil evidence
Comparative anatomy
Molecular evidence (DNA sequencing and analysis)
The impact of human evolution on modern human populations
Slide 25
Phylogenetic tree and classification:
Definition of phylogeny and taxonomy
Construction of phylogenetic trees based on evolutionary relationships
Evolutionary classification and the Linnaean system
Example of a phylogenetic tree for a group of organisms
Slide 26
Coevolution:
Definition of coevolution
Examples of coevolutionary relationships:
Predator-prey relationships
Mutualistic relationships
Host-parasite relationships
The role of coevolution in shaping biodiversity
Slide 27
Evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-devo):
Definition of Evo-devo
The role of developmental genes in evolution
Evo-devo and the origin of body plans
Examples of Evo-devo research and its implications in evolutionary biology
Slide 28
Molecular clock hypothesis:
Definition of molecular clock
Rate of molecular evolution
Use of molecular clocks in estimating divergence times
Limitations and challenges of the molecular clock hypothesis
Slide 29
Genomics and post-genomics era:
Definition of genomics
DNA sequencing technology and the Human Genome Project
Applications of genomics in medicine and agriculture
Post-genomics era: Proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics
Slide 30
Conclusion:
Recap of key points discussed in the lecture
Importance of understanding the molecular basis of inheritance in genetics and evolution
Relevance of studying the life cycle of Bacteriophage in molecular biology research
Future directions and advancements in the field of genetics and evolution