Genetics and Evolution

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Recombinant DNA Technology

Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation of genetic material
  • Allows the transfer of genes between unrelated organisms
  • Involves the use of restriction enzymes, vectors, and DNA ligase
  • Key steps: DNA extraction, gene cloning, and gene expression

DNA Extraction

  • Isolation of DNA from the source organism
  • Can be done using various methods such as cell lysis and precipitation
  • The extracted DNA can be used as the source for gene cloning

Gene Cloning

  • Involves the insertion of a desired gene into a vector
  • Vectors can be plasmids, phages, or other DNA molecules
  • Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA and the vector
  • DNA ligase is used to join the DNA fragments together

Gene Expression

  • The cloned gene is inserted into a suitable host organism
  • The host organism then expresses the gene and produces the desired protein
  • Expression can be regulated by controlling the gene promoter and other regulatory elements

Examples of Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Production of genetically modified crops
  • Development of therapeutic proteins such as insulin and growth hormones
  • Creation of genetically modified organisms for research purposes

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA

Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

  • Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
  • DNA polymerase I
  • DNA polymerase II
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA polymerase IV
  • DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

  • Functions in DNA repair and replication
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

  • Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

  • Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
  • Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
  • 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

  • Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

  • Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
  • Error-prone polymerase
  • Helps in replicating damaged DNA