Slide 1

  • Topic: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • Introduction to Genetics and Evolution
  • Importance of understanding the Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Biology
  • Overview of the different parts of a chromosome
  • Bullet point
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Slide 2

  • Definition of a chromosome
  • Structure of a chromosome
    • Centromere
    • Telomere
    • Sister chromatids
  • Types of chromosomes
    • Autosomal chromosomes
    • Sex chromosomes
  • Bullet point
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Slide 3

  • Importance of chromosomes in the process of inheritance
  • Role of chromosomes in carrying genetic information
  • Link between DNA and chromosomes
  • Bullet point
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Slide 4

  • DNA: The hereditary molecule
  • Structure of DNA
    • Double helix
    • Nucleotides
    • Complementary base pairing
  • Discovery of DNA structure
  • Bullet point
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Slide 5

  • Chemical composition of DNA
  • Four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
  • Explanation of base pairing rules
  • Examples of base pairing: A-T, G-C
  • Bullet point
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Slide 6

  • DNA replication: Ensuring inheritance of genetic information
  • Steps of DNA replication
    1. Separation of DNA strands
    2. Complementary base pairing
    3. Formation of new DNA strands
  • Importance of DNA replication
  • Bullet point
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Slide 7

  • DNA replication: Enzymes involved
  • DNA helicase: Unwinds the double helix
  • DNA polymerase: Adds new nucleotides
  • DNA ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments
  • Explanation of Okazaki fragments
  • Bullet point
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Slide 8

  • Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from DNA
  • Steps of transcription
    1. Initiation
    2. Elongation
    3. Termination
  • Role of RNA polymerase in transcription
  • Bullet point
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Slide 9

  • Types of RNA
    • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Functions of each type of RNA
  • Examples of RNA in protein synthesis
  • Bullet point
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Slide 10

  • Translation: Protein synthesis from RNA
  • Steps of translation
    1. Initiation
    2. Elongation
    3. Termination
  • Role of ribosomes in translation
  • Bullet point
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Slide 11

  • Chromosome abnormalities
    • Numerical abnormalities
      • Aneuploidy: Abnormal number of chromosomes
        • Trisomy: Extra chromosome
        • Monosomy: Missing chromosome
      • Polyploidy: Extra sets of chromosomes
    • Structural abnormalities
      • Deletion: Part of a chromosome is missing
      • Duplication: Part of a chromosome is duplicated
      • Inversion: Segment of a chromosome is reversed
      • Translocation: Exchange of chromosome segments between non-homologous chromosomes
    • Examples of chromosome abnormalities in humans
  • Bullet point
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Slide 12

  • Chromosome mapping
    • Genetic linkage
      • Definition of genetic linkage
      • Discovery of genetic linkage
      • Linkage maps: Constructing a chromosome map
    • Recombination frequency
      • Definition of recombination frequency
      • Calculation of recombination frequency
      • Mapping genes based on recombination frequency
    • Examples of chromosome mapping studies
  • Bullet point
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Slide 13

  • DNA sequencing
    • Importance of DNA sequencing
    • Sanger sequencing
      • Principle of Sanger sequencing
      • Steps of Sanger sequencing
    • Next-generation sequencing
      • Advantages of next-generation sequencing
      • Application of next-generation sequencing
    • Examples of DNA sequencing projects
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 14

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    • Definition and purpose of PCR
    • Steps of PCR
      1. Denaturation
      2. Annealing
      3. Extension
    • Importance and applications of PCR
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 15

  • DNA fingerprinting
    • Definition and purpose of DNA fingerprinting
    • DNA fingerprinting techniques
      • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      • Short tandem repeats (STR)
      • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    • Application of DNA fingerprinting
  • Bullet point
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Slide 16

  • Gene expression and regulation
    • Control of gene expression
      • Transcriptional control
      • Post-transcriptional control
      • Translational control
      • Post-translational control
    • Gene regulatory elements
      • Promoters
      • Enhancers
      • Silencers
    • Examples of gene expression regulation
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 17

  • Recombinant DNA technology
    • Definition and purpose of recombinant DNA technology
    • Steps of recombinant DNA technology
      1. Isolation of DNA
      2. Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes
      3. Joining DNA fragments with DNA ligase
      4. Cloning of recombinant DNA
    • Applications of recombinant DNA technology
  • Bullet point
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Slide 18

  • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
    • Definition and purpose of GMOs
    • Methods of genetic modification
      • Gene insertion
      • Gene knockout
      • Gene silencing
    • Benefits and concerns of GMOs
    • Examples of GMOs
  • Bullet point
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Slide 19

  • Human Genome Project
    • Purpose of the Human Genome Project
    • Goals and achievements of the Human Genome Project
    • Impact of the Human Genome Project
    • Ethical considerations of the Human Genome Project
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 20

  • Evolutionary significance of the Molecular Basis of Inheritance
    • Evidence for evolution from molecular biology
      • Homologous genes and proteins
      • Genetic similarities between species
      • Molecular clocks
    • Molecular basis of mutations
      • Point mutations
      • Insertions and deletions
      • Chromosomal rearrangements
    • Impact of molecular biology on our understanding of evolution
  • Bullet point
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Slide 21

  • Histones: Proteins that help in DNA packaging
    • Role of histones in chromosome structure
    • Organization of DNA around histones
  • Nucleosomes: DNA-histone complexes
    • Composition of nucleosomes
    • Importance of nucleosomes in chromosome packing
  • Higher levels of chromosome organization
    • 30-nm fiber
    • Loop domains
  • Bullet point
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Slide 22

  • Telomeres: Protecting chromosome ends
    • Structure of telomeres
    • Role of telomeres in chromosome stability
    • Telomerase enzyme: Maintaining telomere length
  • Centromeres: Essential for proper chromosome segregation
    • Role of centromeres in cell division
    • Formation of kinetochores
  • Bullet point
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Slide 23

  • Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes: Differences
    • Organization of genetic material in eukaryotes
    • Organization of genetic material in prokaryotes
  • Plasmids: Extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria
    • Definition of plasmids
    • Functions of plasmids
    • Examples of plasmids
  • Bullet point
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Slide 24

  • DNA vs RNA: Differences and Similarities
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
    • Sugar molecule in DNA and RNA
    • Role of DNA and RNA in heredity
  • Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
    • Flow of genetic information
    • DNA → RNA → Protein
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 25

  • Genetic Code: Decoding DNA into Proteins
    • Definition of genetic code
    • Codons: Triplets of nucleotides
    • Start codon and stop codons
    • Examples of codons and corresponding amino acids
  • Wobble hypothesis: Explaining degeneracy in genetic code
    • Definition of degeneracy
    • Wobble base pairing rules
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 26

  • Mutations: Changes in DNA Sequence
    • Definition of mutations
    • Causes of mutations
      • Spontaneous mutations
      • Induced mutations
    • Different types of mutations
      • Point mutations
      • Insertions and deletions
      • Frameshift mutations
  • Mutagenesis: Inducing mutations in the laboratory
    • Examples of mutagens
    • Applications of mutagenesis
  • Bullet point
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Slide 27

  • Genetic Disorders: Result of Mutations
    • Inherited genetic disorders
      • Chromosomal abnormalities
      • Single gene disorders
      • Polygenic disorders
    • Examples of genetic disorders
      • Down syndrome
      • Cystic fibrosis
      • Huntington’s disease
      • Sickle cell anemia
  • Genetic testing and counseling
    • Importance of genetic testing
    • Genetic counseling process
  • Bullet point
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Slide 28

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifying DNA
    • Principle of PCR
    • Steps of PCR
      • Denaturation
      • Annealing
      • Extension
    • Applications of PCR
      • DNA sequencing
      • Diagnosis of genetic disorders
      • Forensic analysis
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point

Slide 29

  • Genomics: Study of Whole Genomes
    • Definition of genomics
    • Human Genome Project: First complete human genome sequence
      • Goals and achievements of the Human Genome Project
      • Impact on medicine and biology
    • Comparative genomics: Comparing genomes of different species
      • Evolutionary insights from comparative genomics
      • Applications in medicine and agriculture
  • Bullet point
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Slide 30

  • Bioinformatics: Utilizing Computational Tools for Biology
    • Definition of bioinformatics
    • Applications of bioinformatics
      • Predicting protein structure and function
      • Comparative genomics analysis
      • Drug discovery and design
    • Challenges and future directions in bioinformatics
  • Bullet point
  • Bullet point