Genetics And Evolution- Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-types-of-mutations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of Mutations </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Point mutations</strong>: substitutions, insertions, deletions</li>
<li><strong>Frameshift mutations</strong>: insertion or deletion of nucleotides</li>
<li><strong>Silent mutations</strong>: no change in amino acid sequence</li>
<li><strong>Missense mutations</strong>: change in amino acid sequence</li>
<li><strong>Nonsense mutations</strong>: premature stop codon</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Code and Translation $\rightarrow$ Translation RNA to Protein $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of Mutations </span> $\rightarrow$ Mutations and Genetic Disorders $\rightarrow$ Gene Expression and Regulation </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cloning-and-genetic-engineering-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cloning and Genetic Engineering </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Overview of cloning</strong>: recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning, reproductive cloning</li>
<li><strong>Importance of genetic engineering</strong>: medical applications, agriculture, forensic science</li>
<li>Examples of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes $\rightarrow$ Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cloning and Genetic Engineering </span> $\rightarrow$ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) $\rightarrow$ Biotechnology and Human Health </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-repair-mechanisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Repair Mechanisms </primary></h3>
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<li>Role of DNA repair mechanisms in maintaining genetic integrity</li>
<li><strong>Types of DNA repair mechanisms</strong>: base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining</li>
<li>Importance of DNA repair in preventing mutations and genetic diseases</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Bioinformatics and Genomics $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diversity and Evolution $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Repair Mechanisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Transposable Elements $\rightarrow$ Recombinant DNA Technology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-recombinant-dna-technology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Recombinant DNA Technology </primary></h3>
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<li>Definition and applications of recombinant DNA technology</li>
<li><strong>Steps involved in creating recombinant DNA</strong>: DNA isolation, DNA digestion with restriction enzymes, DNA ligation, DNA transformation into host organism</li>
<li><strong>Examples of recombinant DNA technology applications</strong>: production of insulin, genetically modified crops, gene therapy</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Repair Mechanisms $\rightarrow$ Transposable Elements $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Recombinant DNA Technology </span> $\rightarrow$ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) $\rightarrow$ DNA Sequencing Techniques </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-sequencing-techniques-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Sequencing Techniques </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Overview of DNA sequencing methods</strong>: Sanger sequencing, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Third-Generation Sequencing (TGS)</li>
<li>Comparison of sequencing methods in terms of cost, speed, and accuracy</li>
<li><strong>Applications of DNA sequencing</strong>: genome sequencing, identification of genetic variations, evolutionary studies</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Recombinant DNA Technology $\rightarrow$ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Sequencing Techniques </span> $\rightarrow$ Human Genome Project $\rightarrow$ Genetic Engineering and Ethics </footer>