Genetics And Evolution- Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-importance-of-bacterial-ribosome-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Importance of Bacterial Ribosome </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bacterial ribosome plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.</li>
<li>It is responsible for translating genetic information from mRNA to synthesize proteins.</li>
<li>Essential for cell growth, development, and survival.</li>
<li>Antibiotics specifically target bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.</li>
<li>Understanding the structure and function of the bacterial ribosome is essential in studying genetic processes.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Importance of Bacterial Ribosome </span> $\rightarrow$ Structure of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Function of Bacterial Ribosome </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-structure-of-bacterial-ribosome-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Structure of Bacterial Ribosome </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bacterial ribosomes are composed of two subunits, the large subunit, and the small subunit.</li>
<li>Large subunit (50S) contains three RNA molecules and proteins.</li>
<li>Small subunit (30S) contains a single RNA molecule and proteins.</li>
<li>The combination of the large and small subunits forms the functional ribosome (70S).</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** The combination of 16S rRNA and various proteins forms the small subunit of the bacterial ribosome.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Importance of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Structure of Bacterial Ribosome </span> $\rightarrow$ Function of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Components of Bacterial Ribosome </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-function-of-bacterial-ribosome-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Function of Bacterial Ribosome </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bacterial ribosome is responsible for protein synthesis.</li>
<li>It binds to the mRNA molecule and reads the information encoded in the nucleotide sequence.</li>
<li>The ribosome then assembles amino acids in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain.</li>
<li>This process is called translation and occurs in ribosomes present in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** The bacterial ribosome translates the mRNA sequence AUG (start codon) into the amino acid methionine, initiating protein synthesis.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Importance of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Structure of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Function of Bacterial Ribosome </span> $\rightarrow$ Components of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Bacteria </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-components-of-bacterial-ribosome-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Components of Bacterial Ribosome </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bacterial ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.</li>
<li>Ribosomal RNA forms the structural backbone of the ribosome.</li>
<li>Proteins associated with rRNA stabilize the structure and aid in ribosome function.</li>
<li>Over 50 different proteins are found in bacterial ribosomes, each playing a specific role.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** S7 protein in bacterial ribosomes has been implicated in the initiation of protein synthesis and translation accuracy.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Structure of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Function of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Components of Bacterial Ribosome </span> $\rightarrow$ Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Bacteria $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics and Bacterial Ribosomes </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-in-bacteria-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Bacteria </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bacterial ribosomes are essential for the transmission of genetic information from one generation to another.</li>
<li>They play a key role in mediating the expression of genetic traits.</li>
<li>The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in a protein.</li>
<li>Mutations in the nucleotide sequence can alter the protein structure and function, leading to phenotypic changes.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** The presence of a mutation in the bacterial ribosome gene can confer resistance to certain antibiotics.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Function of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Components of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Bacteria </span> $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics and Bacterial Ribosomes $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-antibiotics-and-bacterial-ribosomes-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibiotics and Bacterial Ribosomes </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.</li>
<li>Different antibiotics bind to specific regions of the ribosome, causing disruption in its function.</li>
<li>By targeting bacterial ribosomes, antibiotics selectively kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, without affecting human cells.</li>
<li>Bacterial resistance to antibiotics can arise due to mutations in ribosomal genes, preventing antibiotic binding.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** Erythromycin, a commonly used antibiotic, binds to the bacterial ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Components of Bacterial Ribosome $\rightarrow$ Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Bacteria $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibiotics and Bacterial Ribosomes </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ Quiz </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bacterial ribosome is an essential structure involved in the molecular basis of inheritance.</li>
<li>It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and genetic processes.</li>
<li>Understanding the structure and function of the bacterial ribosome helps in studying the transmission of genetic traits and the development of antibiotic resistance.</li>
<li>The ribosome serves as a target for antibiotics, enabling selective inhibition of bacterial growth.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Bacteria $\rightarrow$ Antibiotics and Bacterial Ribosomes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Quiz $\rightarrow$ The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-the-central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>The central dogma of molecular biology explains how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.</li>
<li>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.</li>
<li>Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA (ribonucleic acid) by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.</li>
<li>RNA serves as an intermediary between DNA and proteins.</li>
<li>Translation is the process by which RNA is converted into proteins by the ribosomes.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ Quiz $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology </span> $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ RNA Modification </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-transcription-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Transcription </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Transcription is the process in which a segment of DNA is copied into RNA by RNA polymerase.</li>
<li>It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.</li>
<li><strong>Three main steps in transcription</strong>: initiation, elongation, and termination.</li>
<li>RNA polymerase recognizes a specific region on DNA called the promoter to start transcription.</li>
<li>The resulting RNA molecule is known as the primary transcript or mRNA (messenger RNA).</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** In bacteria, the lac operon is transcribed when lactose is present, leading to the production of the enzyme lactase.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Quiz $\rightarrow$ The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Transcription </span> $\rightarrow$ RNA Modification $\rightarrow$ Translation </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-rna-modification-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> RNA Modification </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Primary transcripts undergo various modifications before becoming functional RNA molecules.</li>
<li>Addition of a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail to protect the RNA molecule from degradation.</li>
<li>Removal of non-coding regions called introns through a process called splicing.</li>
<li>These modifications are essential for the stability, transport, and translation of the RNA molecule.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** Alternative splicing in eukaryotes allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins, increasing genetic diversity.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> RNA Modification </span> $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ Genetic Code </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-translation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Translation </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is converted into proteins by ribosomes.</li>
<li>It occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.</li>
<li><strong>Three main steps in translation</strong>: initiation, elongation, and termination.</li>
<li>Initiation involves the binding of the ribosome to the mRNA and the assembly of the first amino acid.</li>
<li>Elongation involves the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.</li>
<li>Termination occurs when the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, and the protein synthesis is complete.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** The genetic code is universal, meaning that the codons in mRNA specify the same amino acids in all living organisms.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Transcription $\rightarrow$ RNA Modification $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Translation </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Code $\rightarrow$ Genetic Mutations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-code-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Code </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>The genetic code is a set of rules that defines how the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.</li>
<li>Each three-nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal.</li>
<li>There are 64 possible codons, including 61 codons that specify amino acids and three stop codons.</li>
<li>The start codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine and also initiates the process of translation.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine, while UGA is a stop codon.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">RNA Modification $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Code </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Mutations $\rightarrow$ Regulation of Gene Expression </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-mutations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Mutations </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can alter the structure or function of proteins.</li>
<li>Mutations can occur during DNA replication, transcription, or translation.</li>
<li>Types of mutations include substitutions, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations.</li>
<li>Mutations can have various effects on an organism, from no noticeable change to severe consequences.</li>
<li>Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral depending on their impact on protein structure and function.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single-point mutation in the hemoglobin gene, resulting in a change in the protein structure.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Translation $\rightarrow$ Genetic Code $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Mutations </span> $\rightarrow$ Regulation of Gene Expression $\rightarrow$ Epigenetics </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-regulation-of-gene-expression-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Regulation of Gene Expression </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Gene expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.</li>
<li>Cells have mechanisms to control when and how often each gene is expressed.</li>
<li>Gene regulation is essential for proper development, differentiation, and response to environmental changes.</li>
<li>Transcription factors and regulatory proteins bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress gene expression.</li>
<li>Gene expression can be regulated at various levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** The lac operon in bacteria is under both positive and negative regulation, allowing the efficient use of lactose as an energy source.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Code $\rightarrow$ Genetic Mutations $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Regulation of Gene Expression </span> $\rightarrow$ Epigenetics $\rightarrow$ Applications of Molecular Biology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-epigenetics-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Epigenetics </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.</li>
<li>Epigenetic modifications can be heritable and reversible.</li>
<li>DNA methylation and histone modifications are two key epigenetic mechanisms.</li>
<li>Epigenetic changes play a crucial role in development, aging, and the susceptibility to diseases.</li>
<li>Environmental factors can influence epigenetic modifications, providing a link between genetics and the environment.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals is an epigenetic process that ensures equal dosage of X-linked genes.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Mutations $\rightarrow$ Regulation of Gene Expression $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Epigenetics </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Molecular Biology $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-applications-of-molecular-biology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Applications of Molecular Biology </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Molecular biology has numerous applications in various fields of science and medicine.</li>
<li>Genetic engineering allows the manipulation of DNA to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desired traits.</li>
<li>PCR (polymerase chain reaction) enables amplification of specific DNA sequences for analysis.</li>
<li>DNA sequencing techniques have revolutionized genome research and personalized medicine.</li>
<li>Disease diagnosis, forensic analysis, and paternity testing rely on molecular biology techniques.</li>
<li>Biotechnology and pharmacology heavily rely on molecular biology for drug development and genetic therapies.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:** The development of insulin through recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized diabetes treatment.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Regulation of Gene Expression $\rightarrow$ Epigenetics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Applications of Molecular Biology </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.</li>
<li>Transcription and translation are the processes involved in gene expression.</li>
<li>The genetic code and genetic mutations play a crucial role in protein synthesis and genetic diversity.</li>
<li>Regulation of gene expression and epigenetics control the timing and amount of gene expression.</li>
<li>Molecular biology has numerous applications in various fields, from genetic engineering to personalized medicine.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Epigenetics $\rightarrow$ Applications of Molecular Biology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA Replication </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-replication-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Replication </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>DNA replication is the process by which a DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies.</li>
<li>It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.</li>
<li>The enzyme DNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strands.</li>
<li>The replication process is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.</li>
<li>Many proteins and enzymes are involved in the replication process, including helicase, DNA primase, and DNA ligase.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Applications of Molecular Biology $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Replication </span> $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication - Examples </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-steps-of-dna-replication-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Steps of DNA Replication </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Initiation</strong>: Replication begins at specific sites called origins of replication.</li>
<li><strong>Unwinding</strong>: Helicase enzyme separates the two DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.</li>
<li><strong>Primer Synthesis</strong>: RNA primers are synthesized by DNA primase to initiate replication.</li>
<li><strong>Elongation</strong>: DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.</li>
<li><strong>Termination</strong>: Replication is completed when DNA polymerase reaches the end of the DNA molecule.</li>
<li><strong>Proofreading</strong>: DNA polymerase checks for errors and corrects them during replication.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Steps of DNA Replication </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication - Examples $\rightarrow$ Gene Expression Regulation </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-replication---examples-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Replication - Examples </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>DNA replication is essential for cell division and growth.</li>
<li>In humans, DNA replication occurs during the formation of gametes (sperm and egg).</li>
<li>Errors in DNA replication can lead to mutations and genetic disorders such as cancer.</li>
<li>DNA replication also plays a role in DNA repair mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ Steps of DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Replication - Examples </span> $\rightarrow$ Gene Expression Regulation $\rightarrow$ Examples of Gene Expression Regulation </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-gene-expression-regulation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Gene Expression Regulation </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Gene expression regulation refers to the control of the transcription and translation processes.</li>
<li>DNA sequences called promoters and enhancers control the initiation of transcription.</li>
<li>Transcription factors bind to these sequences to activate or repress gene expression.</li>
<li>Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and histone modification can also regulate gene expression.</li>
<li>Post-transcriptional modifications and regulatory RNA molecules further regulate gene expression at the translation level.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Steps of DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication - Examples $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Gene Expression Regulation </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Gene Expression Regulation $\rightarrow$ Point Mutations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-gene-expression-regulation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Gene Expression Regulation </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Developmental processes</strong>: Specific genes are expressed at different stages of development to control growth and differentiation.</li>
<li><strong>Environmental response</strong>: Genes involved in stress response are upregulated in response to environmental conditions.</li>
<li><strong>Different cell types</strong>: Different cells in the body express different sets of genes to carry out their specialized functions.</li>
<li><strong>Disease development</strong>: Abnormal regulation of gene expression can lead to diseases like cancer and genetic disorders.</li>
<li><strong>Hormonal regulation</strong>: Hormones can activate or repress gene expression in specific tissues.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Replication - Examples $\rightarrow$ Gene Expression Regulation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Gene Expression Regulation </span> $\rightarrow$ Point Mutations $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diseases and Point Mutations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-point-mutations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Point Mutations </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.</li>
<li>Types of point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.</li>
<li>A substitution mutation replaces one nucleotide with another, potentially changing the amino acid sequence of the protein.</li>
<li>Insertion and deletion mutations can shift the reading frame, leading to a frameshift mutation that alters all subsequent codons.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Gene Expression Regulation $\rightarrow$ Examples of Gene Expression Regulation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Point Mutations </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diseases and Point Mutations $\rightarrow$ Non-Mendelian Inheritance </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-diseases-and-point-mutations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Diseases and Point Mutations </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Many genetic diseases are caused by point mutations in specific genes.</li>
<li>Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide substitution in the beta-globin gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin.</li>
<li>Cystic fibrosis is caused by a deletion mutation in the CFTR gene, affecting the transport of ions across cell membranes.</li>
<li>Huntington’s disease is caused by a duplication of a specific DNA sequence in the huntingtin gene, leading to neurodegeneration.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Gene Expression Regulation $\rightarrow$ Point Mutations $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Diseases and Point Mutations </span> $\rightarrow$ Non-Mendelian Inheritance $\rightarrow$ Examples of Non-Mendelian Inheritance </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-bacterial-ribosome-success-26"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance Bacterial Ribosome </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-non-mendelian-inheritance-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Non-Mendelian Inheritance </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Non-Mendelian inheritance refers to inheritance patterns that do not follow the classic Mendelian principles.</li>
<li>Examples of non-Mendelian inheritance include incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis.</li>
<li>In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.</li>
<li>In codominance, both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous genotype, without blending.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Point Mutations $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diseases and Point Mutations $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Non-Mendelian Inheritance </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Non-Mendelian Inheritance $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-bacterial-ribosome-success-27"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Genetics And Evolution Molecular Basis Of Inheritance Bacterial Ribosome </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-non-mendelian-inheritance-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Non-Mendelian Inheritance </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Inheritance of blood types in humans is an example of codominance.</li>
<li>ABO blood types are determined by the presence of different alleles (A, B, O) of the same gene.</li>
<li>Rh factor inheritance is an example of an interaction between two genes, which exhibit epistasis.</li>
<li>Skin color in humans is an example of polygenic inheritance, where multiple genes contribute to the trait.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Diseases and Point Mutations $\rightarrow$ Non-Mendelian Inheritance $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Non-Mendelian Inheritance </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$  </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>DNA replication is essential for cell growth and reproduction, occurring in multiple steps.</li>
<li>Gene expression regulation controls when and how genes are expressed, crucial for cell development and response to the environment.</li>
<li>Point mutations can lead to genetic diseases by altering protein structure and function.</li>
<li>Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns deviate from Mendelian genetics and involve factors like incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Non-Mendelian Inheritance $\rightarrow$ Examples of Non-Mendelian Inheritance $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>