<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ecology--organisms-and-populationsdiversity-of-living-organisms---biodiversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ecology- Organisms and Populations(Diversity of Living Organisms) - BIODIVERSITY </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of organisms present in a particular region or on Earth as a whole.</li> <li>It includes the diversity of species, genetic diversity within each species, and the diversity of ecosystems.</li> <li>Biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and providing various ecosystem services.</li> <li>It is a measure of the health and resilience of an ecosystem.</li> <li>Biodiversity hotspots are areas that exhibit high levels of species richness and endemism.</li> <li>Examples of biodiversity hotspots include the Amazon rainforest, the Coral Triangle, and the Western Ghats in India.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ecology- Organisms and Populations(Diversity of Living Organisms) - BIODIVERSITY </span> $\rightarrow$ Importance of Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Threats to Biodiversity </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-importance-of-biodiversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Importance of Biodiversity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Biodiversity contributes to food security by providing a variety of plant and animal species for human consumption.</li> <li>It supports ecosystem services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and water purification.</li> <li>Biodiversity aids in the development of new medicines and pharmaceuticals.</li> <li>It enhances the aesthetic value of an area and provides recreational opportunities.</li> <li>Biodiversity has cultural and spiritual significance for many communities around the world.</li> <li>Genetic diversity within species is essential for their adaptation and survival in changing environments.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Ecology- Organisms and Populations(Diversity of Living Organisms) - BIODIVERSITY $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Importance of Biodiversity </span> $\rightarrow$ Threats to Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Conservation of Biodiversity </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-threats-to-biodiversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Threats to Biodiversity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Habitat loss and degradation due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture.</li> <li>Pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, including air, water, and soil pollution.</li> <li>Climate change and its impacts on ecosystems, including rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns.</li> <li>Overexploitation of natural resources, such as overfishing and illegal wildlife trade.</li> <li>Invasive species that outcompete native species and disrupt ecosystems.</li> <li>Human population growth and consumption patterns that place increasing demands on natural resources.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ecology- Organisms and Populations(Diversity of Living Organisms) - BIODIVERSITY $\rightarrow$ Importance of Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Threats to Biodiversity </span> $\rightarrow$ Conservation of Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conservation-of-biodiversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conservation of Biodiversity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity.</li> <li>Sustainable land management practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, help minimize habitat loss and degradation.</li> <li>Conservation of endangered species through captive breeding programs and reintroduction into the wild.</li> <li>International agreements and conventions, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, promote biodiversity conservation at a global scale.</li> <li>Public awareness and education about the importance of biodiversity and sustainable practices.</li> <li>Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and local communities in implementing conservation strategies.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Importance of Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Threats to Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conservation of Biodiversity </span> $\rightarrow$ Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Species Richness and Evenness </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ecosystem-services-provided-by-biodiversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li><strong>Provisioning services</strong>: Biodiversity provides essential resources such as food, water, and raw materials.</li> <li><strong>Regulating services</strong>: Biodiversity regulates various ecological processes such as climate regulation, pollination, and pest control.</li> <li><strong>Supporting services</strong>: Biodiversity supports the functioning of ecosystems through nutrient cycling, soil formation, and water purification.</li> <li><strong>Cultural services</strong>: Biodiversity contributes to cultural and recreational values, including tourism and aesthetic enjoyment.</li> <li>Ecosystem services depend on the diversity and health of ecosystems, which, in turn, rely on biodiversity.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Threats to Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Conservation of Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity </span> $\rightarrow$ Species Richness and Evenness $\rightarrow$ Keystone Species </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-species-richness-and-evenness-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Species Richness and Evenness </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Species richness refers to the number of different species present in a given area.</li> <li>It is a measure of biodiversity and can indicate the health and stability of an ecosystem.</li> <li>Species evenness refers to the relative abundance of different species within a community.</li> <li>A community with high evenness has a more balanced distribution of individuals among species.</li> <li>Both species richness and evenness are important components of biodiversity.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conservation of Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Species Richness and Evenness </span> $\rightarrow$ Keystone Species $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diversity </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-keystone-species-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Keystone Species </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Keystone species are species that have a disproportionately large impact on the structure and functioning of an ecosystem.</li> <li>Their removal from an ecosystem can cause dramatic changes in species composition and ecosystem processes.</li> <li>Examples of keystone species include beavers, which modify habitats through dam-building, and predators that control prey populations.</li> <li>Conservation of keystone species is crucial for maintaining the integrity of ecosystems.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ecosystem Services Provided by Biodiversity $\rightarrow$ Species Richness and Evenness $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Keystone Species </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diversity $\rightarrow$ Ecosystem Diversity </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-diversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Diversity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Genetic diversity refers to the variation in the genetic makeup of individuals within a species.</li> <li>It is essential for the long-term survival and adaptation of species to changing environments.</li> <li>Genetic diversity allows species to evolve and respond to natural selection pressures.</li> <li>Inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks can reduce genetic diversity and compromise the resilience of populations.</li> <li>Conservation efforts aim to preserve genetic diversity through the protection of natural habitats and the establishment of genetic reserves.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Species Richness and Evenness $\rightarrow$ Keystone Species $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Diversity </span> $\rightarrow$ Ecosystem Diversity $\rightarrow$ Case Study The Great Barrier Reef </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ecosystem-diversity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ecosystem Diversity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems present in a particular region or on Earth as a whole.</li> <li>It encompasses different types of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.</li> <li>Ecosystems vary in their physical characteristics, such as climate, topography, and soil composition.</li> <li>Each ecosystem provides unique habitats and supports distinct communities of organisms.</li> <li>Protecting ecosystem diversity is crucial for maintaining overall biodiversity and the services provided by ecosystems.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Keystone Species $\rightarrow$ Genetic Diversity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ecosystem Diversity </span> $\rightarrow$ Case Study The Great Barrier Reef $\rightarrow$ Ecological Succession </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-case-study-the-great-barrier-reef-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Case Study The Great Barrier Reef </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system, located off the coast of Queensland, Australia.</li> <li>It is a biodiversity hotspot and home to a vast array of marine species, including corals, fish, and marine mammals.</li> <li>The reef provides critical habitat for numerous species and supports tourism and recreational activities.</li> <li>However, the Great Barrier Reef faces significant threats, including coral bleaching due to rising ocean temperatures and pollution from coastal development.</li> <li>Conservation efforts are underway to protect and restore the reef, including measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Diversity $\rightarrow$ Ecosystem Diversity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Case Study The Great Barrier Reef </span> $\rightarrow$ Ecological Succession $\rightarrow$ Food Chains and Food Webs </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ecological-succession-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ecological Succession </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Ecological succession is the process of gradual change in the composition and structure of an ecological community over time.</li> <li>Primary succession occurs in an area that has no existing community, such as a newly formed volcanic island.</li> <li>Pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, colonize the area and prepare the habitat for more complex species.</li> <li>Secondary succession occurs in an area that has been disturbed, but still has remnants of the previous community.</li> <li>Examples of secondary succession include forest regeneration after a fire or the regrowth of vegetation after land clearance.</li> <li>Succession leads to increased species diversity and the establishment of a stable climax community.</li> <li>The process of succession involves interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, such as competition for resources and changes in soil fertility.</li> <li>Understanding succession is important for ecological restoration and management of ecosystems.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ecosystem Diversity $\rightarrow$ Case Study The Great Barrier Reef $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ecological Succession </span> $\rightarrow$ Food Chains and Food Webs $\rightarrow$ Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-food-chains-and-food-webs-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Food Chains and Food Webs </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>A food chain represents the transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another in a linear fashion.</li> <li>It starts with a producer, such as a plant, which converts sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.</li> <li>The producer is then consumed by a primary consumer, which is herbivorous and feeds on plants.</li> <li>Secondary consumers are carnivores that prey on primary consumers, and tertiary consumers prey on secondary consumers.</li> <li>A food web is a more complex representation of feeding relationships in an ecosystem.</li> <li>It consists of interconnected food chains and includes omnivores, decomposers, and scavengers.</li> <li>Food chains and food webs illustrate the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem.</li> <li>They also show the interactions between different species and the dependence of organisms on each other for survival.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Case Study The Great Barrier Reef $\rightarrow$ Ecological Succession $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Food Chains and Food Webs </span> $\rightarrow$ Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-trophic-levels-and-energy-transfer-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Trophic levels are the positions that organisms occupy in a food chain or food web.</li> <li>Producers belong to the first trophic level as they directly convert energy from the sun into chemical energy.</li> <li>Herbivores are primary consumers and belong to the second trophic level.</li> <li>Carnivores that feed on herbivores are secondary consumers and belong to the third trophic level.</li> <li>Tertiary consumers, such as top predators, occupy the fourth trophic level.</li> <li>Energy is transferred between trophic levels, but it is not fully utilized. Some energy is lost as heat or used for respiration and growth.</li> <li>The 10% rule estimates that only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next.</li> <li>As a result, energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, limiting the number of trophic levels within an ecosystem.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ecological Succession $\rightarrow$ Food Chains and Food Webs $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer </span> $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ Carbon Cycle </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biogeochemical-cycles-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biogeochemical Cycles </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li><strong>Biogeochemical cycles are the pathways that elements and compounds undergo as they move through the four spheres of Earth</strong>: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.</li> <li>Key biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, and phosphorus cycle.</li> <li>In these cycles, elements or compounds are exchanged between living beings, the air, water bodies, and the Earth’s crust.</li> <li>Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial agriculture, can disrupt biogeochemical cycles and lead to environmental problems.</li> <li>Understanding these cycles is essential for managing natural resources and mitigating the impacts of human activities on the environment.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Food Chains and Food Webs $\rightarrow$ Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biogeochemical Cycles </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbon Cycle $\rightarrow$ Nitrogen Cycle </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbon-cycle-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbon Cycle </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, the ocean, land ecosystems, and the Earth’s crust.</li> <li>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up by plants during photosynthesis and stored as carbon in their tissues.</li> <li>When plants die and decay, carbon is released back into the atmosphere or stored underground as fossil fuels.</li> <li>The burning of fossil fuels by human activities increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.</li> <li>Carbon is also exchanged between the atmosphere and the oceans through processes such as dissolution and oceanic photosynthesis.</li> <li>The carbon cycle plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s climate and supporting life on Earth.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbon Cycle </span> $\rightarrow$ Nitrogen Cycle $\rightarrow$ Water Cycle </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nitrogen-cycle-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nitrogen Cycle </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and cycling of nitrogen in different forms in the environment.</li> <li>Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up about 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere, but most organisms cannot directly use it.</li> <li>Nitrogen fixation by certain bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen into forms that can be utilized by plants, such as ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-).</li> <li>Plants take up these forms of nitrogen and incorporate them into their tissues.</li> <li>Animals obtain nitrogen by consuming plants or other animals.</li> <li>Decomposers break down dead organisms and waste, returning nitrogen to the soil as ammonium.</li> <li>Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas, completing the nitrogen cycle.</li> <li>Human activities, such as the use of synthetic fertilizers, can disrupt the nitrogen cycle and contribute to environmental issues like eutrophication.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ Carbon Cycle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nitrogen Cycle </span> $\rightarrow$ Water Cycle $\rightarrow$ Phosphorus Cycle </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-water-cycle-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Water Cycle </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.</li> <li>The cycle includes processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and groundwater flow.</li> <li>Solar energy powers the evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning it into water vapor in the atmosphere.</li> <li>Water vapor condenses to form clouds, and precipitation occurs when the condensed water droplets become heavy enough to fall as rain, snow, or hail.</li> <li>Precipitation either percolates into the ground or runs off into rivers and streams, eventually reaching the oceans.</li> <li>The water cycle plays a vital role in maintaining freshwater resources, filling groundwater reservoirs, and regulating global climate patterns.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbon Cycle $\rightarrow$ Nitrogen Cycle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Water Cycle </span> $\rightarrow$ Phosphorus Cycle $\rightarrow$ Primary Productivity </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-phosphorus-cycle-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Phosphorus Cycle </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.</li> <li>Phosphorus is an essential element for life as it is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and cell membranes.</li> <li>Phosphorus exists in rocks and minerals, and weathering releases phosphate ions (PO4³⁻) into the soil, which can be taken up by plants.</li> <li>Animals obtain phosphorus by consuming plants or other animals.</li> <li>Decomposers break down organic matter, releasing phosphorus back into the soil.</li> <li>Over long time scales, phosphorus can be leached into water bodies and eventually settle in sediments, becoming part of the lithosphere.</li> <li>The phosphorus cycle is relatively slow compared to other biogeochemical cycles and does not have a significant gaseous phase.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nitrogen Cycle $\rightarrow$ Water Cycle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Phosphorus Cycle </span> $\rightarrow$ Primary Productivity $\rightarrow$ Pyramid of Biomass and Pyramid of Numbers </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-primary-productivity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Primary Productivity </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Primary productivity is the rate at which energy, usually in the form of organic matter, is created by photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem.</li> <li>It represents the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic substances, mainly through photosynthesis.</li> <li>This process is essential for the sustenance of life and the flow of energy through ecosystems.</li> <li>Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total amount of energy captured through photosynthesis by autotrophs in an ecosystem.</li> <li>Net primary productivity (NPP) is the energy left after autotrophs use up some energy for their own metabolic needs.</li> <li>NPP is available to support heterotrophs and is a measure of the energy available to consumers in an ecosystem.</li> <li>Factors influencing primary productivity include sunlight availability, temperature, nutrient availability, and water availability.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Water Cycle $\rightarrow$ Phosphorus Cycle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Primary Productivity </span> $\rightarrow$ Pyramid of Biomass and Pyramid of Numbers $\rightarrow$ Population Growth </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-pyramid-of-biomass-and-pyramid-of-numbers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Pyramid of Biomass and Pyramid of Numbers </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>A pyramid of biomass represents the total mass of living organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.</li> <li>It illustrates the transfer of biomass from one trophic level to another.</li> <li>The pyramid typically decreases in biomass as it moves up the food chain due to energy loss and reduced efficiency of energy transfer.</li> <li>A pyramid of numbers represents the number of individuals at each trophic level in an ecosystem.</li> <li>It can be upright, inverted, or bell-shaped depending on the specific ecosystem and the feeding relationships within it.</li> <li>Both pyramids provide insights into the structure and functioning of ecosystems and the efficiency of energy flow through trophic levels.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Phosphorus Cycle $\rightarrow$ Primary Productivity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Pyramid of Biomass and Pyramid of Numbers </span> $\rightarrow$ Population Growth $\rightarrow$ Ecological Footprint </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-20"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-population-growth-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Population Growth </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Population growth refers to the change in the number of individuals in a population over time.</li> <li>It is influenced by factors such as birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.</li> <li>The exponential growth model describes population growth in ideal conditions with unlimited resources.</li> <li>The logistic growth model takes into account limited resources and reaches a carrying capacity.</li> <li>Factors that can limit population growth include competition, predation, disease, and availability of resources.</li> <li>Human population growth has increased exponentially in recent centuries, leading to concerns about sustainability and resource depletion.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Primary Productivity $\rightarrow$ Pyramid of Biomass and Pyramid of Numbers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Population Growth </span> $\rightarrow$ Ecological Footprint $\rightarrow$ Ecological Succession </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-21"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ecological-footprint-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ecological Footprint </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Ecological footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment.</li> <li>It calculates the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to sustain a given population’s consumption patterns and waste generation.</li> <li>It takes into account factors such as carbon emissions, energy consumption, food production, and water usage.</li> <li>The ecological footprint helps assess the sustainability of human activities and their impact on ecosystems.</li> <li>Reducing the ecological footprint involves adopting sustainable practices, such as renewable energy, conservation, and efficient resource use.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Pyramid of Biomass and Pyramid of Numbers $\rightarrow$ Population Growth $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ecological Footprint </span> $\rightarrow$ Ecological Succession $\rightarrow$ Food Chains and Food Webs </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ecological-succession-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ecological Succession </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Ecological succession is the process of gradual change in the composition and structure of an ecological community over time.</li> <li>Primary succession occurs in an area that has no existing community, such as a newly formed volcanic island.</li> <li>Pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, colonize the area and prepare the habitat for more complex species.</li> <li>Secondary succession occurs in an area that has been disturbed, but still has remnants of the previous community.</li> <li>Examples of secondary succession include forest regeneration after a fire or the regrowth of vegetation after land clearance.</li> <li>Succession leads to increased species diversity and the establishment of a stable climax community.</li> <li>The process of succession involves interactions between biotic and abiotic factors, such as competition for resources and changes in soil fertility.</li> <li>Understanding succession is important for ecological restoration and management of ecosystems.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Population Growth $\rightarrow$ Ecological Footprint $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ecological Succession </span> $\rightarrow$ Food Chains and Food Webs $\rightarrow$ Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-23"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-food-chains-and-food-webs-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Food Chains and Food Webs </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>A food chain represents the transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another in a linear fashion.</li> <li>It starts with a producer, such as a plant, which converts sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.</li> <li>The producer is then consumed by a primary consumer, which is herbivorous and feeds on plants.</li> <li>Secondary consumers are carnivores that prey on primary consumers, and tertiary consumers prey on secondary consumers.</li> <li>A food web is a more complex representation of feeding relationships in an ecosystem.</li> <li>It consists of interconnected food chains and includes omnivores, decomposers, and scavengers.</li> <li>Food chains and food webs illustrate the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem.</li> <li>They also show the interactions between different species and the dependence of organisms on each other for survival.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ecological Footprint $\rightarrow$ Ecological Succession $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Food Chains and Food Webs </span> $\rightarrow$ Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-24"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-trophic-levels-and-energy-transfer-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Trophic levels are the positions that organisms occupy in a food chain or food web.</li> <li>Producers belong to the first trophic level as they directly convert energy from the sun into chemical energy.</li> <li>Herbivores are primary consumers and belong to the second trophic level.</li> <li>Carnivores that feed on herbivores are secondary consumers and belong to the third trophic level.</li> <li>Tertiary consumers, such as top predators, occupy the fourth trophic level.</li> <li>Energy is transferred between trophic levels, but it is not fully utilized. Some energy is lost as heat or used for respiration and growth.</li> <li>The 10% rule estimates that only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next.</li> <li>As a result, energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, limiting the number of trophic levels within an ecosystem.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ecological Succession $\rightarrow$ Food Chains and Food Webs $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer </span> $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ Carbon Cycle </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-25"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biogeochemical-cycles-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biogeochemical Cycles </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li><strong>Biogeochemical cycles are the pathways that elements and compounds undergo as they move through the four spheres of Earth</strong>: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.</li> <li>Key biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, and phosphorus cycle.</li> <li>In these cycles, elements or compounds are exchanged between living beings, the air, water bodies, and the Earth’s crust.</li> <li>Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial agriculture, can disrupt biogeochemical cycles and lead to environmental problems.</li> <li>Understanding these cycles is essential for managing natural resources and mitigating the impacts of human activities on the environment.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Food Chains and Food Webs $\rightarrow$ Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biogeochemical Cycles </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbon Cycle $\rightarrow$ </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-ecology-organisms-and-populations-diversity-of-living-organisms-biodiversity-success-26"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Ecology Organisms And Populations Diversity Of Living Organisms Biodiversity </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbon-cycle-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbon Cycle </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, the ocean, land ecosystems, and the Earth’s crust.</li> <li>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up by plants during photosynthesis and stored as carbon in their tissues.</li> <li>When plants die and decay, carbon is released back into the atmosphere or stored underground as fossil fuels.</li> <li>The burning of fossil fuels by human activities increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.</li> <li>Carbon is also exchanged between the atmosphere and the oceans through processes such as dissolution and oceanic photosynthesis.</li> <li>The carbon cycle plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s climate and supporting life on Earth.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbon Cycle </span> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ </footer>