Biotechnology- Principles And Processes

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-recombinant-dna-technology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Recombinant DNA Technology </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition and benefits of recombinant DNA technology</li>
<li>Steps involved in recombinant DNA technology
<ul>
<li>Isolation of DNA fragments</li>
<li>Insertion of DNA fragments into vectors</li>
<li>Transformation of recombinant vectors into host cells</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Examples of products obtained using recombinant DNA technology
<ul>
<li>Insulin, growth hormones, vaccines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) $\rightarrow$ DNA Sequencing $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Recombinant DNA Technology </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ DNA Hybridization </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-stem-cells-and-regenerative-medicine-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to stem cells</li>
<li><strong>Types of stem cells</strong>: embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent stem cells</li>
<li>Applications of stem cells in regenerative medicine
<ul>
<li>Tissue engineering and organ transplantation</li>
<li>Treatment of diseases and injuries</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ethical concerns and controversies surrounding stem cell research</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Gene Therapy $\rightarrow$ GMOs and Biopharmaceuticals $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine </span> $\rightarrow$ CRISPR-Cas9 Technology $\rightarrow$ Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Regulations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-crispr-cas9-technology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> CRISPR-Cas9 Technology </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology</li>
<li>Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 system</li>
<li>Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in biotechnology and medical research
<ul>
<li>Gene knockout and knock-in experiments</li>
<li>Disease modeling and drug development</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ethical considerations and future prospects of CRISPR-Cas9</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">GMOs and Biopharmaceuticals $\rightarrow$ Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> CRISPR-Cas9 Technology </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Regulations $\rightarrow$ Transgenic Organisms </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology-regulations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Regulations </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Overview of regulations and guidelines for genetic engineering and biotechnology
<ul>
<li>International bodies: FDA, USDA, European Commission</li>
<li>Biosafety protocols and risk assessment</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</li>
<li>Public perception and acceptance of biotechnology</li>
<li>Importance of responsible and ethical use of biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine $\rightarrow$ CRISPR-Cas9 Technology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Regulations </span> $\rightarrow$ Transgenic Organisms $\rightarrow$ Stem Cell Research and Ethics </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-transgenic-organisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Transgenic Organisms </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition of transgenic organisms</li>
<li>Techniques used to create transgenic organisms
<ul>
<li>Gene delivery methods (microinjection, electroporation, etc.)</li>
<li>Gene targeting and knockout techniques</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications of transgenic organisms in biotechnology and research
<ul>
<li>Disease models</li>
<li>Crop improvement</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Examples of transgenic organisms
<ul>
<li>Genetically modified mice</li>
<li>Bt cotton</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">CRISPR-Cas9 Technology $\rightarrow$ Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Regulations $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Transgenic Organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Stem Cell Research and Ethics $\rightarrow$ RNA Interference (RNAi) </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-stem-cell-research-and-ethics-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Stem Cell Research and Ethics </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Ethical concerns in stem cell research</li>
<li>Debate on the use of embryonic stem cells</li>
<li>Alternatives to embryonic stem cells
<ul>
<li>Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)</li>
<li>Adult stem cells</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Regulations and guidelines for stem cell research</li>
<li>Importance of ethical considerations in scientific research</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Regulations $\rightarrow$ Transgenic Organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Stem Cell Research and Ethics </span> $\rightarrow$ RNA Interference (RNAi) $\rightarrow$ Genetic Testing and Diagnosis </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-rna-interference-rnai-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> RNA Interference (RNAi) </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition and mechanism of RNA interference</li>
<li>Steps involved in RNAi
<ul>
<li>Production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)</li>
<li>RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications of RNAi in biotechnology and research
<ul>
<li>Gene knockdown studies</li>
<li>Therapeutic applications</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Examples of diseases targeted by RNAi-based therapies</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Transgenic Organisms $\rightarrow$ Stem Cell Research and Ethics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> RNA Interference (RNAi) </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Testing and Diagnosis $\rightarrow$ DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting) </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-testing-and-diagnosis-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Testing and Diagnosis </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to genetic testing and diagnosis</li>
<li>Types of genetic tests
<ul>
<li>Diagnostic tests</li>
<li>Carrier testing</li>
<li>Prenatal testing</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Methods used in genetic testing
<ul>
<li>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</li>
<li>DNA sequencing</li>
<li>Microarray analysis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ethical considerations in genetic testing</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Stem Cell Research and Ethics $\rightarrow$ RNA Interference (RNAi) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Testing and Diagnosis </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting) $\rightarrow$ Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Food Safety </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-profiling-dna-fingerprinting-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting) </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Principle of DNA profiling</li>
<li>Methods used in DNA profiling
<ul>
<li>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</li>
<li>Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications of DNA profiling
<ul>
<li>Forensic identification</li>
<li>Paternity testing</li>
<li>Genetic ancestry testing</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Limitations and challenges of DNA profiling</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">RNA Interference (RNAi) $\rightarrow$ Genetic Testing and Diagnosis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting) </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Food Safety $\rightarrow$ Biofuels </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-and-food-safety-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Food Safety </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</li>
<li>Concerns and controversies surrounding GMOs</li>
<li>Safety assessment of GMOs
<ul>
<li>Toxicity studies</li>
<li>Allergenicity testing</li>
<li>Environmental impact assessment</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Labeling regulations for GMOs in different countries</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic Testing and Diagnosis $\rightarrow$ DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Food Safety </span> $\rightarrow$ Biofuels $\rightarrow$ Molecular Farming </footer>