Biotechnology- Principles And Processes

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-introduction-to-biotechnology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Introduction to Biotechnology </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: The use of living organisms or their products to modify or improve human health, agriculture, and the environment</li>
<li><strong>Historical background</strong>: Biotechnology has been used for centuries in processes such as brewing, bread-making, and cheese production</li>
<li><strong>Modern biotechnology</strong>: Involves manipulating genes and DNA to develop new products and processes</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Biotechnology Principles and Processes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Introduction to Biotechnology </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic Engineering $\rightarrow$ Applications of Biotechnology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-engineering-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic Engineering </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: The process of manipulating an organism’s DNA to achieve desired traits or characteristics</li>
<li><strong>Techniques used in genetic engineering</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Recombinant DNA technology: Combining DNA from different sources to create novel sequences</li>
<li>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifying specific DNA sequences for analysis</li>
<li>DNA sequencing: Determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule</li>
<li>Gene cloning: Creating multiple copies of a specific gene</li>
<li>Genetic transformation: Introducing foreign DNA into an organism</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biotechnology Principles and Processes $\rightarrow$ Introduction to Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic Engineering </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ Agriculture </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-competent-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Competent Cells </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: Cells that have been modified to uptake and express foreign DNA</li>
<li><strong>Process of making competent cells</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Cells are treated with chemicals or subjected to physical methods to increase their permeability</li>
<li>Foreign DNA is introduced into the cells through transformation</li>
<li>Successful transformation results in the expression of the foreign DNA</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Agriculture $\rightarrow$ Environmental applications $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Competent Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of competent cells $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their products to modify or improve human health, agriculture, and the environment</li>
<li>Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism’s DNA to achieve desired traits or characteristics</li>
<li>Applications of biotechnology include medicine, agriculture, and environmental applications</li>
<li>Competent cells are modified cells that can uptake and express foreign DNA</li>
<li>Making competent cells involves increasing their permeability and introducing foreign DNA through transformation</li>
<li>Competent cells find applications in cloning, protein expression, and genetic engineering experiments</li>
<li>Biotechnology offers immense potential in various fields and continues to play a significant role in scientific advancements.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ Applications of competent cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ Chemically Competent Cells </footer>

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<ul>
<li><strong>Properties of competent cells</strong>:
<ul>
<li>High transformation efficiency</li>
<li>Ability to incorporate foreign DNA into their genome</li>
<li>Ability to express the foreign DNA</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Types of competent cells</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Chemically competent cells</li>
<li>Electrocompetent cells</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Factors affecting competency</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Growth phase of cells</li>
<li>Temperature and duration of treatment</li>
<li>Composition of transformation medium</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Applications of competent cells $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Competent Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Chemically Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ Electrocompetent Cells </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-chemically-competent-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Chemically Competent Cells </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Preparation of chemically competent cells</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Cells are grown to mid-log phase</li>
<li>Treated with a competent cell preparation buffer</li>
<li>Subjected to a heat shock or cold shock</li>
<li>Incubated in recovery medium</li>
<li>Spread on selective agar plates</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Escherichia coli (E. coli) chemically competent cells</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Chemically Competent Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Electrocompetent Cells $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Competency </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-electrocompetent-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Electrocompetent Cells </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Preparation of electrocompetent cells</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Cells cultured to mid-log phase</li>
<li>Washed and resuspended in an ice-cold electroporation buffer</li>
<li>Electroporated using an electrical pulse</li>
<li>Incubated in recovery medium</li>
<li>Spread on selective agar plates</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) electrocompetent cells</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ Chemically Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electrocompetent Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Competency $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Competency </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-factors-affecting-competency-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Factors Affecting Competency </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Growth phase of cells</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Cells in mid-log phase have higher transformation efficiency</li>
<li>Optimal time for transformation varies depending on the organism</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Temperature and duration of treatment</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Heat or cold shock can increase the permeability of the cell membrane</li>
<li>Optimal temperature and duration may differ for different organisms</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Chemically Competent Cells $\rightarrow$ Electrocompetent Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Factors Affecting Competency </span> $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Competency $\rightarrow$ Examples of Competent Cell Applications </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-factors-affecting-competency-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Factors Affecting Competency </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Composition of transformation medium</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Presence of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) can improve the competency of cells</li>
<li>Use of specific salts, such as calcium chloride, can enhance transformation efficiency</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Other factors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>DNA concentration and quality</li>
<li>Cell density</li>
<li>Recovery conditions after transformation</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Electrocompetent Cells $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Competency $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Factors Affecting Competency </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Competent Cell Applications $\rightarrow$ Examples of Competent Cell Applications </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-competent-cell-applications-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Competent Cell Applications </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Cloning</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Transforming competent cells with a plasmid containing the gene of interest</li>
<li>Allows for the amplification and propagation of the desired DNA fragment</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Protein expression</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Transformation of competent cells with a plasmid carrying the gene encoding the protein of interest</li>
<li>Cells will produce and express the recombinant protein</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Factors Affecting Competency $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Competency $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Competent Cell Applications </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Competent Cell Applications $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<ul>
<li><strong>Gene editing</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 or other gene editing systems into competent cells</li>
<li>Enables targeted modifications of the genome</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biotechnology research</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Transformation of competent cells with various constructs for studying gene function, regulation, and interactions</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Factors Affecting Competency $\rightarrow$ Examples of Competent Cell Applications $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Competent Cell Applications </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ Gene Cloning </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Competent cells possess the ability to uptake and express foreign DNA</li>
<li>Chemically competent cells and electrocompetent cells are the two main types</li>
<li>Factors affecting competency include growth phase, treatment temperature and duration, and transformation medium composition</li>
<li>Examples of competent cell applications include cloning, protein expression, gene editing, and biotechnology research</li>
<li>Competent cells play a crucial role in various biotechnological processes</li>
<li>Understanding the properties and preparation methods of competent cells is essential in modern biotechnology research and applications</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Competent Cell Applications $\rightarrow$ Examples of Competent Cell Applications $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Gene Cloning $\rightarrow$ Applications of gene cloning </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-gene-cloning-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Gene Cloning </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: The process of creating multiple copies of a specific gene</li>
<li><strong>Steps involved in gene cloning</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Isolation of the gene of interest</li>
<li>Insertion of the gene into a cloning vector, such as a plasmid</li>
<li>Transformation of competent cells with the recombinant plasmid</li>
<li>Selection and identification of transformed cells</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Competent Cell Applications $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Gene Cloning </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of gene cloning $\rightarrow$ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: A laboratory method used to amplify specific DNA sequences</li>
<li><strong>Steps involved in PCR</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Denaturation: Heating the DNA to separate the double-stranded template into single strands</li>
<li>Annealing: Cooling the reaction to allow primers to bind to the complementary DNA strands</li>
<li>Extension: Raising the temperature to activate DNA polymerase, which extends the primers and synthesizes new DNA strands</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Gene Cloning $\rightarrow$ Applications of gene cloning $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of PCR $\rightarrow$ DNA Sequencing </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-applications-of-gene-therapy-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Applications of gene therapy </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Treatment of genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy</li>
<li>Cancer therapy: Targeting tumor cells with modified genes to inhibit their growth</li>
<li>Immunotherapy: Modifying immune cells to enhance their anti-cancer activity</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Using gene therapy to cure severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">DApplications of DNA sequencing $\rightarrow$ Gene Therapy $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Applications of gene therapy </span> $\rightarrow$ Bioremediation $\rightarrow$ Applications of bioremediation </footer>