Biotechnology- Principles And Processes - Choices Of Host And Vectors

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-host-organisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Host Organisms </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: organisms used to produce large quantities of recombinant DNA or desired proteins</li>
<li><strong>Criteria for choosing a host organism</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Compatible with the expression vector</li>
<li>Capable of proper folding and post-translational modifications</li>
<li>Easy to culture and manipulate</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Examples of commonly used host organisms</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Bacteria (Escherichia coli)</li>
<li>Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)</li>
<li>Mammalian cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Introduction $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Host Organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Hosts $\rightarrow$ Yeast Hosts </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-bacterial-hosts-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Bacterial Hosts </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Advantages of using bacteria as host organisms</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Rapid growth rate</li>
<li>Well-characterized genetics</li>
<li>Easy to manipulate and culture</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
<ul>
<li>Widely used bacterial host</li>
<li>Strong promoter sequences available</li>
<li>Efficient protein expression</li>
<li>Simple transformation protocols</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Introduction $\rightarrow$ Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Bacterial Hosts </span> $\rightarrow$ Yeast Hosts $\rightarrow$ Mammalian Cell Hosts </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-yeast-hosts-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Yeast Hosts </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Advantages of using yeast as host organisms</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Eukaryotic expression system</li>
<li>Capable of performing post-translational modifications</li>
<li>Suitable for protein secretion</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)
<ul>
<li>Commonly used yeast host</li>
<li>Efficient protein secretion</li>
<li>Easy genetic manipulation</li>
<li>Well-characterized genetics</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Hosts $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Yeast Hosts </span> $\rightarrow$ Mammalian Cell Hosts $\rightarrow$ Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-mammalian-cell-hosts-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Mammalian Cell Hosts </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Advantages of using mammalian cells as host organisms</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Ability to carry out complex post-translational modifications</li>
<li>Close resemblance to human cells</li>
<li>Suitable for expression of complex proteins</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO cells)
<ul>
<li>Widely used mammalian cell host</li>
<li>Capable of proper protein folding and assembly</li>
<li>Efficient protein secretion</li>
<li>Post-translational modification machinery similar to human cells</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Bacterial Hosts $\rightarrow$ Yeast Hosts $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Mammalian Cell Hosts </span> $\rightarrow$ Vectors $\rightarrow$ Plasmids </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Vectors </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: DNA molecules used as carriers to transfer foreign DNA into host organisms</li>
<li><strong>Criteria for choosing a vector</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Capable of self-replication in the host organism</li>
<li>Contains selectable markers for host cell identification</li>
<li>Accommodates large insert DNA</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Examples of commonly used vectors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Plasmids</li>
<li>Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)</li>
<li>Viral vectors (retroviruses, adenoviruses)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Yeast Hosts $\rightarrow$ Mammalian Cell Hosts $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Plasmids $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-plasmids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Plasmids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: small circular DNA molecules separate from the chromosomal DNA in bacteria</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of using plasmids as vectors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Easy to manipulate and propagate</li>
<li>Efficient transformation into host cells</li>
<li>Can accommodate small to moderate-sized DNA inserts</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: pUC19
<ul>
<li>Widely used plasmid vector</li>
<li>Contains selectable markers (ampicillin resistance)</li>
<li>Multiple cloning sites for DNA insertion</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Mammalian Cell Hosts $\rightarrow$ Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Plasmids </span> $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) $\rightarrow$ Viral Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-bacterial-artificial-chromosomes-bacs-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: large DNA molecules capable of carrying large DNA inserts (100-300 kb)</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of using BACs as vectors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Able to accommodate large DNA inserts</li>
<li>Stable replication in bacterial cells</li>
<li>Compatible with high-throughput automation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: pBeloBAC11
<ul>
<li>Commonly used BAC vector</li>
<li>Contains selectable markers (chloramphenicol resistance)</li>
<li>Large DNA insert capacity</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Vectors $\rightarrow$ Plasmids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) </span> $\rightarrow$ Viral Vectors $\rightarrow$ Retroviral Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-viral-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Viral Vectors </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: viruses used as vectors to transfer foreign DNA into cells</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of using viral vectors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Efficient gene delivery into host cells</li>
<li>Can target specific cell types</li>
<li>Suitable for in vivo gene therapy applications</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Examples of viral vectors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Retroviruses</li>
<li>Adenoviruses</li>
<li>Lentiviruses</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Plasmids $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Viral Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Retroviral Vectors $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-retroviral-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Retroviral Vectors </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Derived from retroviruses (e.g., HIV)</li>
<li><strong>Advantages of using retroviral vectors</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Can integrate the foreign DNA into the host genome</li>
<li>Suitable for long-term gene expression</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: pLenti6/V5-DEST
<ul>
<li>Commonly used retroviral vector</li>
<li>Efficient gene transfer into a wide range of cell types</li>
<li>Compatible with large DNA inserts</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) $\rightarrow$ Viral Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Retroviral Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors $\rightarrow$ Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-factors-affecting-choice-of-host-and-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Purpose of the experiment (recombinant protein production, gene therapy, etc.)</li>
<li>Compatibility between host organism and expression vector</li>
<li>Ease of genetic manipulation and culture conditions</li>
<li>Protein folding and post-translational modification capabilities</li>
<li>Type of application (in vitro or in vivo)</li>
<li>Safety considerations (use of viral vectors)</li>
<li>Cost and scalability</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Viral Vectors $\rightarrow$ Retroviral Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rightarrow$ Expression Systems in Biotechnology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-basics-of-recombinant-dna-technology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: Technology that involves the manipulation of DNA sequences from different sources to create new combinations</li>
<li><strong>Steps involved in recombinant DNA technology</strong>:
<ol>
<li>Isolation of DNA from a donor organism</li>
<li>Cloning of the DNA fragment into a vector</li>
<li>Introduction of the recombinant DNA into a host organism</li>
<li>Selection and amplification of the transformed host cells</li>
<li>Expression of the desired gene or protein in the host organism</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Retroviral Vectors $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology </span> $\rightarrow$ Expression Systems in Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ Methods of Vector Introduction into Host Organisms </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-expression-systems-in-biotechnology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Expression Systems in Biotechnology </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: Systems used to express and produce desired proteins from recombinant DNA</li>
<li><strong>Prokaryotic expression systems</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Utilize bacterial hosts (e.g., E. coli)</li>
<li>High growth rate and cost-effective</li>
<li>Suitable for small proteins and enzymes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Eukaryotic expression systems</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Utilize yeast or mammalian cells</li>
<li>Capable of performing post-translational modifications</li>
<li>Suitable for complex proteins and therapeutic antibodies</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors $\rightarrow$ Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Expression Systems in Biotechnology </span> $\rightarrow$ Methods of Vector Introduction into Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Selectable Markers </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-methods-of-vector-introduction-into-host-organisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Methods of Vector Introduction into Host Organisms </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Transformation</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Direct introduction of DNA into host cells (e.g., electroporation in bacteria)</li>
<li>Commonly used in bacterial hosts</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Transfection</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Introduction of DNA into eukaryotic cells using lipid-based or electroporation methods</li>
<li>Used for both transient and stable gene expression</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Infection</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Introduction of DNA into host cells using viral vectors (e.g., lentiviral transduction)</li>
<li>Efficient gene delivery into a wide range of cell types</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rightarrow$ Expression Systems in Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Methods of Vector Introduction into Host Organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Selectable Markers $\rightarrow$ Examples of Applications of Biotechnology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-selectable-markers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Selectable Markers </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Definition</strong>: Genes incorporated into vectors to identify and select transformed host cells</li>
<li><strong>Commonly used selectable markers</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., ampicillin, kanamycin)</li>
<li>Fluorescent proteins (e.g., green fluorescent protein - GFP)</li>
<li>Enzyme activity markers (e.g., β-galactosidase, luciferase)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Selectable markers help distinguish transformed cells from non-transformed cells in the selection process</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Expression Systems in Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ Methods of Vector Introduction into Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Selectable Markers </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Applications of Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ Challenges and Ethical Considerations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-applications-of-biotechnology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Applications of Biotechnology </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Production of recombinant proteins</li>
<li>Development of genetically modified crops</li>
<li>Gene therapy for treating genetic disorders</li>
<li>Bioremediation to clean up environmental pollutants</li>
<li>Production of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies</li>
<li>Forensic DNA analysis and paternity testing</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Methods of Vector Introduction into Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Selectable Markers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Applications of Biotechnology </span> $\rightarrow$ Challenges and Ethical Considerations $\rightarrow$ Conclusion </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-challenges-and-ethical-considerations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Challenges and Ethical Considerations </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Regulatory and ethical concerns in the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</li>
<li>Potential environmental impacts of GMOs</li>
<li>Safety considerations in the use of viral vectors in gene therapy</li>
<li>Protection of intellectual property and patent rights</li>
<li>Public perception and acceptance of biotechnology</li>
<li>Biosecurity measures to prevent misuse of biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Selectable Markers $\rightarrow$ Examples of Applications of Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Challenges and Ethical Considerations </span> $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ References </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conclusion-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conclusion </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Choice of host organisms and vectors is crucial in biotechnology applications</li>
<li>Different host organisms have their advantages and limitations</li>
<li>Vectors play a key role in the successful expression of recombinant DNA</li>
<li>Consideration of factors such as purpose, compatibility, and scalability is necessary</li>
<li>Ethical and safety considerations need to be addressed in biotechnology research and applications</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Applications of Biotechnology $\rightarrow$ Challenges and Ethical Considerations $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conclusion </span> $\rightarrow$ References $\rightarrow$ Questions </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-references-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> References </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.</li>
<li>Griffiths, A. J., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C., & Gelbart, W. M. (2000). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman and Company.</li>
<li>Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Challenges and Ethical Considerations $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> References </span> $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-questions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Questions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>What are the factors that affect the choice of host organisms and vectors in biotechnology?</li>
<li>Compare and contrast the advantages of using bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells as host organisms.</li>
<li>Explain the steps involved in recombinant DNA technology.</li>
<li>What are the different methods of introducing vectors into host organisms?</li>
<li>Why are selectable markers important in recombinant DNA technology?</li>
<li>Give examples of applications of biotechnology in various fields.</li>
<li>Discuss the challenges and ethical considerations in the use of biotechnology.</li>
<li>Summarize the key points in the lecture regarding host organisms and vectors in biotechnology.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conclusion $\rightarrow$ References $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Questions </span> $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Bacteria as Host Organisms </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-factors-affecting-choice-of-host-and-vectors-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Purpose of the experiment</li>
<li>Compatibility between host organism and expression vector</li>
<li>Ease of genetic manipulation and culture conditions</li>
<li>Protein folding and post-translational modification capabilities</li>
<li>Type of application</li>
<li>Safety considerations</li>
<li>Cost and scalability</li>
<li>Availability of suitable promoters and regulatory elements</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">References $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Bacteria as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Yeast as Host Organisms </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-bacteria-as-host-organisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Bacteria as Host Organisms </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Rapid growth rate allows for high protein production</li>
<li>Well-characterized genetics enable easy manipulation</li>
<li>Easy to culture and scale up</li>
<li>Availability of strong promoters for efficient gene expression</li>
<li>Low cost and high yield production of recombinant proteins</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Escherichia coli (E. coli) used in insulin production</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Questions $\rightarrow$ Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Bacteria as Host Organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Yeast as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Mammalian Cells as Host Organisms </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-yeast-as-host-organisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Yeast as Host Organisms </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Eukaryotic expression system allows for proper protein folding and post-translational modifications</li>
<li>Suitable for protein secretion and for targeting specific subcellular compartments</li>
<li>Capable of performing complex post-translational modifications such as glycosylation</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in production of hepatitis B surface antigen</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Factors Affecting Choice of Host and Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Bacteria as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Yeast as Host Organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Mammalian Cells as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Types of Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-mammalian-cells-as-host-organisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Mammalian Cells as Host Organisms </primary></h3>
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<li>Capable of performing complex post-translational modifications similar to human cells</li>
<li>Able to produce properly folded and assembled proteins</li>
<li>Suitable for the production of complex proteins, therapeutic antibodies, and viral particles</li>
<li>Close resemblance to human cells allows for better compatibility in therapeutic applications</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells used in the production of monoclonal antibodies</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Bacteria as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Yeast as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Mammalian Cells as Host Organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Types of Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Plasmids as Vectors </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biotechnology-principles-and-processes-choices-of-host-and-vectors-success-24"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biotechnology Principles And Processes Choices Of Host And Vectors </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-types-of-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of Vectors </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Plasmids</strong>: Small circular DNA molecules capable of self-replication</li>
<li><strong>Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)</strong>: Large DNA molecules capable of accommodating large DNA inserts</li>
<li><strong>Viral vectors</strong>: Derived from viruses and used for gene delivery into host cells
<ul>
<li>Retroviral vectors: Efficient gene transfer and integration into the host genome</li>
<li>Adenoviral vectors: High gene delivery efficiency but transient expression</li>
<li>Lentiviral vectors: Efficient infection of both dividing and non-dividing cells</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Yeast as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Mammalian Cells as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Plasmids as Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) as Vectors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-plasmids-as-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Plasmids as Vectors </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Easy to manipulate and propagate</li>
<li>Efficient transformation into host cells</li>
<li>Can accommodate small to moderate-sized DNA inserts</li>
<li>Multiple cloning sites allow the insertion of foreign DNA</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: pUC19 plasmid containing ampicillin resistance gene as a selectable marker</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Mammalian Cells as Host Organisms $\rightarrow$ Types of Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Plasmids as Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) as Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Viral Vectors </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biotechnology-principles-and-processes-choices-of-host-and-vectors-success-26"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biotechnology Principles And Processes Choices Of Host And Vectors </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-bacterial-artificial-chromosomes-bacs-as-vectors-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) as Vectors </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Large DNA insert capacity (100-300 kb)</li>
<li>Stable replication in bacterial cells</li>
<li>Suitable for maintaining large DNA fragments</li>
<li>Compatible with high-throughput automation</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: pBeloBAC11 containing the chloramphenicol resistance gene as a selectable marker</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Types of Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Plasmids as Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) as Vectors </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Viral Vectors $\rightarrow$ Selectable Markers </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biotechnology-principles-and-processes-choices-of-host-and-vectors-success-28"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biotechnology Principles And Processes Choices Of Host And Vectors </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-selectable-markers-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Selectable Markers </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Genes incorporated into vectors to identify and select transformed host cells</li>
<li>Antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., ampicillin, kanamycin) used in bacterial systems</li>
<li>Fluorescent proteins (e.g., GFP) used for visualization of transformed cells</li>
<li>Enzyme activity markers (e.g., β-galactosidase, luciferase) used to detect gene expression</li>
<li>Selectable markers help distinguish transformed cells from non-transformed cells during selection process</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) as Vectors $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Viral Vectors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Selectable Markers </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Applications of Biotechnology $\rightarrow$  </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biotechnology-principles-and-processes-choices-of-host-and-vectors-success-29"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biotechnology Principles And Processes Choices Of Host And Vectors </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-applications-of-biotechnology-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Applications of Biotechnology </primary></h3>
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<li>Production of recombinant proteins, such as insulin, growth factors, and vaccines</li>
<li>Development of genetically modified crops with improved traits, such as pest resistance and increased yield</li>
<li>Gene therapy for treating genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy</li>
<li>Bioremediation to clean up environmental pollutants, such as oil spills and toxic chemicals</li>
<li>Production of therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment and autoimmune diseases</li>
<li>Forensic DNA analysis and paternity testing for identification purposes</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Viral Vectors $\rightarrow$ Selectable Markers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Applications of Biotechnology </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>