Biomolecules - Water Insoluble And Soluble Vitamins

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-functions-of-fat-soluble-vitamins-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Functions of Fat-Soluble Vitamins </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin A (Retinol) is important for vision, immune function, bone growth, and reproductive health.</li>
<li>Vitamin D (Calciferol) promotes calcium absorption, maintains bone health, and supports immune function.</li>
<li>Vitamin E (Tocopherol) acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes from damage.</li>
<li>Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) is essential for blood clotting and bone health.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Functions of Water-Soluble Vitamins $\rightarrow$ Characteristics of Fat-Soluble Vitamins $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Functions of Fat-Soluble Vitamins </span> $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamins - Deficiency and Sources $\rightarrow$ Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy) </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-water-soluble-vitamins---vitamin-c-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Water-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin C </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin.</li>
<li>It is an essential nutrient for humans and some other animals.</li>
<li>Vitamin C is involved in various physiological functions in the body.</li>
<li>It acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage.</li>
<li>It plays a vital role in collagen synthesis, which is important for connective tissues.</li>
<li>Vitamin C also enhances the absorption of dietary nonheme iron.</li>
<li><strong>Examples of vitamin C-rich foods</strong>: oranges, strawberries, kiwi, and bell peppers.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Vitamin K deficiency $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Water-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin C </span> $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamins - B-Complex $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin A </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-water-soluble-vitamins---b-complex-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Water-Soluble Vitamins - B-Complex </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>B-complex vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in metabolism.</li>
<li>These vitamins include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), folate (B9), and cyanocobalamin (B12).</li>
<li>Each B-complex vitamin has specific functions in the body.</li>
<li>Thiamine helps convert glucose into energy.</li>
<li>Riboflavin is involved in energy production and red blood cell formation.</li>
<li>Niacin plays a role in DNA repair and synthesis.</li>
<li>Pyridoxine acts as a coenzyme in various metabolic reactions.</li>
<li>Folate is crucial for cell division and DNA synthesis.</li>
<li>Cyanocobalamin is involved in the production of red blood cells and the maintenance of nerve cells.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin C $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Water-Soluble Vitamins - B-Complex </span> $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin A $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fat-soluble-vitamins---vitamin-a-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin A </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is a fat-soluble vitamin.</li>
<li>It is essential for vision, especially in low light conditions.</li>
<li>Vitamin A also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes.</li>
<li>It supports immune function and helps prevent infections.</li>
<li>Retinol is involved in the growth and development of bones.</li>
<li>Sources of vitamin A include animal liver, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and fortified milk products.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Water-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin C $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamins - B-Complex $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin A </span> $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fat-soluble-vitamins---vitamin-d-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin D, also known as calciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin.</li>
<li>It is unique because our bodies can produce it when exposed to sunlight.</li>
<li>Vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy bones and teeth.</li>
<li>It helps regulate the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines.</li>
<li>This vitamin supports immune function and helps prevent certain diseases.</li>
<li>Natural sources of vitamin D include fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), egg yolks, and fortified dairy products.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Water-Soluble Vitamins - B-Complex $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin A $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D </span> $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fat-soluble-vitamins---vitamin-e-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin E, or tocopherol, is a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties.</li>
<li>It protects cell membranes from damage caused by oxidative stress.</li>
<li>Vitamin E neutralizes free radicals, reducing the risk of chronic diseases.</li>
<li>It supports the immune system and helps widen blood vessels.</li>
<li>Sources of vitamin E include nuts and seeds (almonds, sunflower seeds), vegetable oils (sunflower, safflower), and spinach.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin A $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E </span> $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin C </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fat-soluble-vitamins---vitamin-k-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin K, or phylloquinone, is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting.</li>
<li>It activates proteins responsible for the coagulation process.</li>
<li>Vitamin K is important for wound healing and preventing excessive bleeding.</li>
<li>It also plays a role in maintaining bone health and preventing bone loss.</li>
<li>Green leafy vegetables like kale, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts are good sources of vitamin K.</li>
<li>Liver and fermented foods also contain small amounts of vitamin K.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin D $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K </span> $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin C $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - B-Complex </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-water-soluble-vitamin-deficiencies---vitamin-c-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin C </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>The deficiency of vitamin C can lead to a condition called scurvy.</li>
<li>Symptoms of scurvy include swollen and bleeding gums, joint pain, and fatigue.</li>
<li>Severe cases may cause teeth loss and impaired wound healing.</li>
<li>Vitamin C deficiency can be prevented by regularly consuming fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C.</li>
<li>An example of vitamin C deficiency in historical contexts is the occurrence of scurvy among sailors during long sea voyages.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin E $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin C </span> $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - B-Complex $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin A </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-water-soluble-vitamin-deficiencies---b-complex-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - B-Complex </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Deficiencies in specific B-complex vitamins can lead to various health problems.</li>
<li>Vitamin B1 deficiency causes beriberi, which affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems.</li>
<li>A lack of vitamin B2 results in a condition called arriboflavinosis, causing skin and eye-related symptoms.</li>
<li>Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, characterized by skin rashes, digestive issues, and mental symptoms.</li>
<li>Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to anemia, cardiovascular problems, and neurological disorders.</li>
<li>Folate deficiency during pregnancy can cause birth defects like spina bifida.</li>
<li>Vitamin B12 deficiency results in pernicious anemia and nerve damage.</li>
<li>Consuming a balanced diet rich in B-complex vitamins can prevent these deficiencies.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamin K $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin C $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - B-Complex </span> $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin A $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin D </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fat-soluble-vitamin-deficiencies---vitamin-a-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin A </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin A deficiency is a global public health concern, especially in developing countries.</li>
<li>It can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and increased susceptibility to infections.</li>
<li>Severe deficiency causes a condition called xerophthalmia, which can result in permanent blindness.</li>
<li>Providing adequate vitamin A-rich foods, fortified products, or supplementation can prevent these deficiencies.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin C $\rightarrow$ Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - B-Complex $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin A </span> $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin D $\rightarrow$ Water-Insoluble Vitamins </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fat-soluble-vitamin-deficiencies---vitamin-d-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin D </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>A deficiency of vitamin D can result in a condition called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.</li>
<li>Rickets leads to weak and soft bones, causing deformities and stunted growth.</li>
<li>Osteomalacia causes bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.</li>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in regions with limited sunlight and inadequate dietary sources.</li>
<li>Fortified foods, supplementation, and exposure to sunlight are essential for preventing these deficiencies.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - B-Complex $\rightarrow$ Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin A $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies - Vitamin D </span> $\rightarrow$ Water-Insoluble Vitamins $\rightarrow$ Vitamin A </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-b-complex-vitamins-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> B-Complex Vitamins </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>B-complex vitamins include B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin).</li>
<li>Each of these vitamins has specific functions in the body related to energy production, metabolism, and supporting the nervous system.</li>
<li>Dietary sources of B-complex vitamins include whole grains, legumes, lean meats, eggs, and leafy green vegetables.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Water-Soluble Vitamins $\rightarrow$ Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> B-Complex Vitamins </span> $\rightarrow$ Vitamin C Functions $\rightarrow$ B-Complex Vitamin Functions </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-b-complex-vitamin-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> B-Complex Vitamin Functions </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Thiamine (B1) is involved in energy production from carbohydrates and supports nerve function.</li>
<li>Riboflavin (B2) is important for energy metabolism and maintaining healthy skin and eyes.</li>
<li>Niacin (B3) plays a role in cellular metabolism and DNA repair.</li>
<li>Pyridoxine (B6) is involved in amino acid metabolism and the production of neurotransmitters.</li>
<li>Folate (B9) is crucial for cell division and DNA synthesis.</li>
<li>Cobalamin (B12) is necessary for the formation of red blood cells and maintaining nerve cells.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">B-Complex Vitamins $\rightarrow$ Vitamin C Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> B-Complex Vitamin Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Vitamin Deficiencies and Deficiency Diseases $\rightarrow$ Vitamin A Deficiency </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-vitamin-d-deficiency-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Vitamin D Deficiency </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency can result in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.</li>
<li>Rickets leads to weak and soft bones, causing deformities and stunted growth.</li>
<li>Osteomalacia causes bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.</li>
<li>Inadequate sunlight exposure, limited dietary sources, and specific medical conditions can contribute to deficiency.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Vitamin Deficiencies and Deficiency Diseases $\rightarrow$ Vitamin A Deficiency $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Vitamin D Deficiency </span> $\rightarrow$ Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) $\rightarrow$ Thiamine (B1) Deficiency </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-niacin-b3-deficiency-pellagra-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Niacin (B3) Deficiency (Pellagra) </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, a disease characterized by the “Four Ds” - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death.</li>
<li>Other symptoms include inflamed mucous membranes, cognitive impairment, and skin rashes.</li>
<li>It is most commonly seen in populations with a diet heavily reliant on corn and deficient in niacin-rich foods.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) $\rightarrow$ Thiamine (B1) Deficiency $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Niacin (B3) Deficiency (Pellagra) </span> $\rightarrow$ Folate (B9) Deficiency $\rightarrow$ Cobalamin (B12) Deficiency </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conclusion-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conclusion </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Vitamins are essential nutrients required for various physiological functions in the body.</li>
<li>Water-insoluble vitamins, such as Vitamin A, D, E, and K, are generally found in foods containing fats or oils.</li>
<li>Water-soluble vitamins, including Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins, are not stored in the body and need to be consumed regularly.</li>
<li>Deficiencies in vitamins can lead to serious health conditions, highlighting the importance of a balanced diet.</li>
<li>Understanding the functions, sources, and deficiency diseases associated with vitamins helps in maintaining optimal health.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Folate (B9) Deficiency $\rightarrow$ Cobalamin (B12) Deficiency $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conclusion </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>