Biomolecules - Summary

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<li>Biomolecules are the essential organic molecules found in living organisms</li>
<li><strong>They are classified into four major types</strong>: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids</li>
<li>These biomolecules perform various functions and are crucial for the survival and functioning of living organisms</li>
<li>Understanding the structure and properties of biomolecules is important in the study of biochemistry</li>
<li>Let’s take a closer look at each type of biomolecule and discuss their importance and characteristics</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biomolecules - Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Proteins </footer>

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<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates are broken down in cellular respiration to produce ATP, the main energy currency of cells</li>
<li>Proteins are involved in enzymatic reactions, cell signaling, and structural support</li>
<li>Lipids play a crucial role in maintaining cell membranes and storing energy for long-term use</li>
<li>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information necessary for protein synthesis and cellular processes</li>
<li>All these biomolecules work together to ensure the proper functioning of cells and organisms</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipids $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biomolecules in Cellular Processes </span> $\rightarrow$ Importance of Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-importance-of-biomolecules-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Importance of Biomolecules </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and are essential for the existence of all living organisms</li>
<li>Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins perform various functions, lipids maintain cell structure, and nucleic acids store genetic information</li>
<li>Understanding the properties and functions of biomolecules is crucial in the fields of medicine, genetics, and biochemistry</li>
<li>The study of biomolecules helps in understanding the mechanisms of diseases and developing new treatments</li>
<li>Overall, biomolecules are the foundation of life and play a vital role in maintaining and regulating biological processes</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ Biomolecules in Cellular Processes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Importance of Biomolecules </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Biomolecules are organic compounds found in living organisms</li>
<li>Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins perform functions, lipids maintain structure, and nucleic acids store genetic information</li>
<li>Understanding biomolecules is essential in the fields of medicine, genetics, and biochemistry</li>
<li>The study of biomolecules aids in understanding diseases and developing treatments</li>
<li>Biomolecules are fundamental to life and are involved in various biological processes</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biomolecules in Cellular Processes $\rightarrow$ Importance of Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Functions of Carbohydrates </footer>

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<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms</li>
<li><strong>They are classified into three categories</strong>: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides</li>
<li>Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and cannot be hydrolyzed further (e.g., glucose, fructose)</li>
<li>Disaccharides are formed by the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose)</li>
<li>Polysaccharides consist of long chains of monosaccharide units (e.g., starch, cellulose)</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Importance of Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates </span> $\rightarrow$ Functions of Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Proteins </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-functions-of-carbohydrates-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Functions of Carbohydrates </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Providing energy</strong>: Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for living organisms</li>
<li><strong>Energy storage</strong>: Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in animals and as starch in plants</li>
<li><strong>Structural support</strong>: Carbohydrates, like cellulose, provide rigidity to plant cell walls</li>
<li><strong>Cell recognition</strong>: Carbohydrates on cell membranes are involved in cell signaling and recognition</li>
<li><strong>Dietary fiber</strong>: Certain carbohydrates, like cellulose and pectin, are known as dietary fiber and aid in digestion</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Functions of Carbohydrates </span> $\rightarrow$ Proteins $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure </footer>

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<li><strong>Primary structure</strong>: The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain</li>
<li><strong>Secondary structure</strong>: Local folding patterns in a protein, including alpha helices and beta sheets</li>
<li><strong>Tertiary structure</strong>: Overall three-dimensional arrangement of the protein</li>
<li><strong>Quaternary structure</strong>: Arrangement of multiple protein subunits, if applicable</li>
<li>Protein structure determines its function and can be influenced by factors like pH and temperature</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Functions of Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Proteins $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ Types of Lipids </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-types-of-lipids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of Lipids </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Saturated fatty acids</strong>: No double bonds between carbon atoms, solid at room temperature (e.g., butter)</li>
<li><strong>Unsaturated fatty acids</strong>: Double bonds between carbon atoms, liquid at room temperature (e.g., vegetable oil)</li>
<li><strong>Phospholipids</strong>: Consist of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, form lipid bilayers in cell membranes</li>
<li><strong>Steroids</strong>: Lipids with a common four-ring structure, involved in hormone synthesis and cell signaling</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of Lipids </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure </footer>

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<ul>
<li>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information in living organisms</li>
<li><strong>There are two types of nucleic acids</strong>: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)</li>
<li>Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base</li>
<li>DNA contains the genetic code that determines the traits and characteristics of an organism</li>
<li>RNA plays a vital role in protein synthesis and gene expression</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipids $\rightarrow$ Types of Lipids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure $\rightarrow$ RNA Types </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-summary-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Summary </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-role-of-biomolecules-in-cellular-processes-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Role of Biomolecules in Cellular Processes </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities through cellular respiration</li>
<li>Proteins function as enzymes, catalysts for chemical reactions in cells</li>
<li>Lipids maintain the integrity of cell membranes and act as an energy source</li>
<li>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information necessary for protein synthesis and cell functions</li>
<li>Understanding how biomolecules interact and function in cellular processes is crucial in understanding the complexity of life.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Structure $\rightarrow$ RNA Types $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Role of Biomolecules in Cellular Processes </span> $\rightarrow$ Classification of Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Polysaccharides </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-classification-of-carbohydrates-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Classification of Carbohydrates </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Carbohydrates are classified into three categories</strong>: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides</li>
<li>Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and cannot be hydrolyzed further</li>
<li>Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose</li>
<li>Disaccharides are formed by the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides</li>
<li>Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">RNA Types $\rightarrow$ Role of Biomolecules in Cellular Processes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Classification of Carbohydrates </span> $\rightarrow$ Polysaccharides $\rightarrow$ amino acids </footer>

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<ul>
<li>Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units</li>
<li>Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants and serves as an energy storage molecule</li>
<li>Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide found in animals, stored in the liver and muscles</li>
<li>Cellulose is a polysaccharide that forms the structural component of plant cell walls</li>
<li>Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Role of Biomolecules in Cellular Processes $\rightarrow$ Classification of Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polysaccharides </span> $\rightarrow$ amino acids $\rightarrow$ Proteins </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-saturatedunsaturated-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Saturated,Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated fatty acids </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature</li>
<li>Examples include butter and animal fats</li>
<li>Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms and are liquid at room temperature</li>
<li>Examples include vegetable oils and fish oils</li>
<li>Polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple double bonds and are beneficial for health</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Proteins $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Saturated,Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated fatty acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Steroids $\rightarrow$ Nucleic acids </footer>