Biomolecules - Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---hexoses-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Hexoses </primary></h3>
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<p>Hexoses have six carbon atoms</p>
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<p><strong>Example</strong>: glucose (an aldohexose)
<code>CHO | C=O | CHOH | CH2OH</code></p>
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<p>Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature and is an important source of energy</p>
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<li>
<p>Another example is fructose (a ketohexose)
<code>| CH2OH | C=O | CHOH | CH2OH</code></p>
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<p>Fructose is found in fruits and is often used as a sweetener</p>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Tetroses $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Pentoses $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Hexoses </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Heptoses $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Isomers </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---ring-structures-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Ring Structures </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Monosaccharides can undergo ring formation in aqueous solutions</p>
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<li>
<p>The ring structure is more stable due to the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal</p>
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<li>
<p><strong>Example</strong>: glucose can exist as both a linear and a ring structure</p>
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<p>Glucose forms a ring structure called a pyranose ring</p>
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<p>The ring is formed by the reaction between the aldehyde group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (OH) on the same molecule
<code>OH         OH |          | HO-C-H     HO-C-H |          | |    |       |    | C-O  |    C-O  | |    |       |    | CH2OH      H2</code></p>
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<li>
<p>The ring structure results in the formation of an additional chiral carbon atom</p>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Isomers $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Enantiomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Ring Structures </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Anomers </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---haworth-projection-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>The ring structure of monosaccharides can be represented using a Haworth projection</li>
<li>In a Haworth projection, the molecule is depicted as a planar polygon with the ring atoms and functional groups shown</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Haworth projection of glucose
<code>OH | HO-C-H | O    CH2OH</code></li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Enantiomers $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Ring Structures $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Anomers $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Glycosidic Bond </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---anomers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Anomers </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the configuration at the anomeric carbon (the carbon involved in ring formation)</li>
<li><strong>The anomeric carbon can have two different configurations</strong>: alpha and beta</li>
<li>The alpha anomer has the hydroxyl group (OH) on the opposite side of the ring compared to the CH2OH group</li>
<li>The beta anomer has the hydroxyl group (OH) on the same side of the ring as the CH2OH group</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Ring Structures $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Anomers </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Glycosidic Bond $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Disaccharides </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---glycosidic-bond-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Glycosidic Bond </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Monosaccharides can undergo a condensation reaction to form disaccharides or polysaccharides</li>
<li>The condensation reaction involves the loss of a water molecule and the formation of a glycosidic bond between the anomeric carbon of one monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group of another monosaccharide</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: formation of a glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules to form maltose</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Anomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Glycosidic Bond </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Disaccharides $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---disaccharides-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Disaccharides </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond</li>
<li>Examples of disaccharides include maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), and lactose (glucose + galactose)</li>
<li>Disaccharides serve as a source of energy and are commonly found in foods such as sugar, honey, and milk</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Anomers $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Glycosidic Bond $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Disaccharides </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Starch </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---polysaccharides-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides that can be branched or unbranched</li>
<li>They have various functions, including energy storage and structural support</li>
<li>Examples of polysaccharides include starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), and cellulose (structural component in plants)</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Glycosidic Bond $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Disaccharides $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Starch $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Glycogen </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---starch-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Starch </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units</li>
<li>It serves as an energy storage molecule in plants</li>
<li><strong>Starch can be separated into two components</strong>: amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)</li>
<li>Amylose consists of a linear chain of glucose molecules joined by alpha glycosidic bonds</li>
<li>Amylopectin has a branched structure with alpha glycosidic bonds and additional branches formed by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Disaccharides $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Starch </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Glycogen $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Cellulose </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---glycogen-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Glycogen </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units</li>
<li>It serves as an energy storage molecule in animals, particularly in the liver and muscles</li>
<li>Glycogen has a highly branched structure, allowing for quick release of glucose when needed</li>
<li>The alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds form the linear segments, and the alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds form the branches</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Starch $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Glycogen </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Cellulose $\rightarrow$ Summary and Key Points </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---cellulose-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Cellulose </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units</li>
<li>It serves as a structural component in plant cell walls</li>
<li>Cellulose has a linear structure where the glucose molecules are joined by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds</li>
<li>The beta configuration of the glycosidic bond allows for the formation of strong hydrogen bonds between adjacent cellulose molecules, creating a rigid structure</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Starch $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Glycogen $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Cellulose </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary and Key Points $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates - Functions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-and-key-points-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary and Key Points </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, classified based on the number of carbon atoms they contain</li>
<li>Monosaccharides can exist in different structural forms, including linear and ring structures</li>
<li>Ring structures are more stable and can undergo further reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharides</li>
<li>Disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose, while polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose</li>
<li>Each polysaccharide has a specific function and unique structural characteristics
Sure! Here are slides 21 to 30 for your lecture on “Biomolecules - Structural Formulas for Monosaccharides”:</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Glycogen $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Cellulose $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary and Key Points </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates - Functions $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates - Classification </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates---functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates - Functions </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates serve as an important source of energy in living organisms</li>
<li>They are involved in cell signaling and communication</li>
<li>Carbohydrates play a key role in DNA and RNA synthesis</li>
<li>They are essential for building cell walls and providing structural support</li>
<li>Carbohydrates also contribute to the immune system and blood clotting</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Cellulose $\rightarrow$ Summary and Key Points $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates - Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates - Classification $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Importance </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates---classification-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates - Classification </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Carbohydrates can be classified into three main groups</strong>: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides</li>
<li>Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates, while disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed by the combination of monosaccharides</li>
<li>The complexity of the carbohydrate increases with the number of monosaccharide units</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary and Key Points $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates - Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates - Classification </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Importance $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Chemical Formula </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---stereoisomerism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Stereoisomerism </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Monosaccharides exhibit stereoisomerism due to the presence of chiral carbon atoms</li>
<li>Chiral carbon atoms have four different groups attached to them</li>
<li>Enantiomers and diastereomers are two types of stereoisomers</li>
<li>Enantiomers are mirror images of each other, while diastereomers have different spatial arrangements</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Importance $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Chemical Formula $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Stereoisomerism </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Fischer Projection $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - D and L Configuration </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-23"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---fischer-projection-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Fischer Projection </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Fischer projection is a method to represent the chiral structure of monosaccharides</li>
<li>In a Fischer projection, vertical lines represent bonds extending towards the viewer, and horizontal lines represent bonds extending away from the viewer</li>
<li>The lowest numbered chiral carbon is usually placed at the top in a Fischer projection</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Chemical Formula $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Stereoisomerism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Fischer Projection </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - D and L Configuration $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection (example) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-24"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---d-and-l-configuration-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - D and L Configuration </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Monosaccharides can exist in D or L configurations based on the arrangement of hydroxyl groups around the chiral carbon furthest from the carbonyl group</li>
<li>D-configurations have the -OH group on the right side, while L-configurations have the -OH group on the left side</li>
<li>D-glucose and D-ribose are common examples of D-configurations</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Stereoisomerism $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Fischer Projection $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - D and L Configuration </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection (example) $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Anomeric Carbon </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-25"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---haworth-projection-example-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection (example) </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Haworth projection is another method to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides</li>
<li>In a Haworth projection, the ring is represented by a planar polygon, with the anomeric carbon at the top</li>
<li>The positions of the substituents are indicated by their positions relative to the ring</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Fischer Projection $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - D and L Configuration $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection (example) </span> $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Anomeric Carbon $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Summary </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-structural-formulas-for-monosaccharides-success-27"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Structural Formulas For Monosaccharides </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monosaccharides---summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monosaccharides - Summary </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates</li>
<li>They have the general formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms</li>
<li>Monosaccharides exhibit stereoisomerism, with D and L configurations</li>
<li>Fischer projection and Haworth projection are used to represent the structure of monosaccharides</li>
<li>The anomeric carbon plays a crucial role in the formation of glycosidic bonds</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monosaccharides - Haworth Projection (example) $\rightarrow$ Monosaccharides - Anomeric Carbon $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monosaccharides - Summary </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>