Biomolecules - Nucleosides In Rna And Dna

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-nucleosides-in-rna-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of nucleosides in RNA: </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Adenosine</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base adenine and the sugar ribose.</li>
<li><strong>Guanosine</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base guanine and the sugar ribose.</li>
<li><strong>Cytidine</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base cytosine and the sugar ribose.</li>
<li><strong>Uridine</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base uracil and the sugar ribose.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Functions of nucleosides $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of nucleosides in RNA: </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of nucleosides in DNA: $\rightarrow$ ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-nucleosides-in-dna-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of nucleosides in DNA: </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Deoxyadenosine (dA)</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base adenine and the sugar deoxyribose.</li>
<li><strong>Deoxyguanosine (dG)</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.</li>
<li><strong>Deoxycytidine (dC)</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base cytosine and the sugar deoxyribose.</li>
<li><strong>Thymidine (dT)</strong>: A nucleoside composed of the base thymine and the sugar deoxyribose.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Examples of nucleosides in RNA: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of nucleosides in DNA: </span> $\rightarrow$ ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside and nucleotide difference: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-structure-comparison-between-ribose-and-deoxyribose-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Structure comparison between ribose and deoxyribose: </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Ribose and deoxyribose are sugars present in nucleosides and nucleotides.</li>
<li>Ribose has an additional hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 2’ carbon compared to deoxyribose.</li>
<li>The presence or absence of this hydroxyl group affects the structure and properties of nucleosides and nucleotides.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Base pairing in nucleic acids: $\rightarrow$ Hydrogen bonding in nucleosides: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Structure comparison between ribose and deoxyribose: </span> $\rightarrow$ Importance of nucleosides in cell signaling: $\rightarrow$ Role of nucleosides in energy metabolism: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-importance-of-nucleosides-in-cell-signaling-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Importance of nucleosides in cell signaling: </primary></h3>
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<li>Nucleosides, such as adenosine, have important roles in cell signaling.</li>
<li>Adenosine acts as a signaling molecule and regulates various physiological processes.</li>
<li>Abnormal levels of nucleosides can lead to diseases and disorders, highlighting their significance in cell signaling pathways.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydrogen bonding in nucleosides: $\rightarrow$ Structure comparison between ribose and deoxyribose: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Importance of nucleosides in cell signaling: </span> $\rightarrow$ Role of nucleosides in energy metabolism: $\rightarrow$ Nucleosides as building blocks of DNA and RNA: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-role-of-nucleosides-in-energy-metabolism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Role of nucleosides in energy metabolism: </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Nucleosides, such as adenosine, play a crucial role in energy metabolism.</li>
<li>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency in cells.</li>
<li>ATP is formed by the addition of three phosphate groups to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).</li>
<li>During cellular respiration, ATP releases energy by breaking one of its phosphate bonds, forming adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).</li>
<li>This energy release is used for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Structure comparison between ribose and deoxyribose: $\rightarrow$ Importance of nucleosides in cell signaling: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Role of nucleosides in energy metabolism: </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleosides as building blocks of DNA and RNA: $\rightarrow$ Nucleosides as regulators of gene expression: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleosides-as-building-blocks-of-dna-and-rna-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleosides as building blocks of DNA and RNA: </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Nucleosides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.</li>
<li>They form the backbone of the nucleic acid chains.</li>
<li>Nucleosides are connected by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar molecules and the phosphate groups.</li>
<li>The sequence of nucleosides determines the genetic information stored in DNA and RNA.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Importance of nucleosides in cell signaling: $\rightarrow$ Role of nucleosides in energy metabolism: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleosides as building blocks of DNA and RNA: </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleosides as regulators of gene expression: $\rightarrow$ Importance of nucleosides in DNA replication: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleosides-as-regulators-of-gene-expression-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleosides as regulators of gene expression: </primary></h3>
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<li>Nucleosides can regulate gene expression by modulating cellular signaling pathways.</li>
<li>Methylation of the cytosine base in DNA nucleosides can affect gene expression patterns.</li>
<li>Modifications of RNA nucleosides, such as pseudouridine or N6-methyladenosine, can influence RNA stability and translation efficiency.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Role of nucleosides in energy metabolism: $\rightarrow$ Nucleosides as building blocks of DNA and RNA: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleosides as regulators of gene expression: </span> $\rightarrow$ Importance of nucleosides in DNA replication: $\rightarrow$ Impact of nucleoside analogs on viral replication: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-importance-of-nucleosides-in-dna-replication-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Importance of nucleosides in DNA replication: </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Nucleosides are essential for DNA replication, during which the double-stranded DNA is duplicated.</li>
<li>Each nucleoside is added to the growing DNA strand by complementary base pairing with the template strand.</li>
<li>The addition of nucleosides occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, following the DNA polymerase enzyme’s activity.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleosides as building blocks of DNA and RNA: $\rightarrow$ Nucleosides as regulators of gene expression: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Importance of nucleosides in DNA replication: </span> $\rightarrow$ Impact of nucleoside analogs on viral replication: $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-impact-of-nucleoside-analogs-on-viral-replication-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Impact of nucleoside analogs on viral replication: </primary></h3>
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<li>Nucleoside analogs are structurally similar to natural nucleosides but have slight modifications.</li>
<li>These analogs can be incorporated into viral DNA or RNA during replication, disrupting the replication process.</li>
<li>Nucleoside analogs are commonly used as antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir for herpes infections and AZT for HIV/AIDS.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleosides as regulators of gene expression: $\rightarrow$ Importance of nucleosides in DNA replication: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Impact of nucleoside analogs on viral replication: </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment: $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleoside-analogs-in-cancer-treatment-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment: </primary></h3>
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<li>Nucleoside analogs can also be used in cancer treatment.</li>
<li>They interfere with the replication and repair processes within cancer cells, leading to cell death.</li>
<li>Examples of nucleoside analogs used in cancer chemotherapy include gemcitabine, cytarabine, and 5-fluorouracil.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Importance of nucleosides in DNA replication: $\rightarrow$ Impact of nucleoside analogs on viral replication: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment: </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): $\rightarrow$ Implications of nucleoside metabolism disorders: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors-nrtis-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): </primary></h3>
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<li>NRTIs are a class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection.</li>
<li>They inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which converts viral RNA into DNA.</li>
<li>NRTIs resemble natural nucleosides and incorporate into the viral DNA chain, preventing further replication.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Impact of nucleoside analogs on viral replication: $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): </span> $\rightarrow$ Implications of nucleoside metabolism disorders: $\rightarrow$ Research and applications of nucleosides: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-implications-of-nucleoside-metabolism-disorders-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Implications of nucleoside metabolism disorders: </primary></h3>
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<li>Disorders in nucleoside metabolism can have severe consequences.</li>
<li>Deficiency in certain enzymes involved in nucleoside metabolism can lead to immune deficiencies, neurological disorders, and developmental abnormalities.</li>
<li>Examples include adenosine deaminase deficiency (resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency) and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (affecting purine metabolism).</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleoside analogs in cancer treatment: $\rightarrow$ Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Implications of nucleoside metabolism disorders: </span> $\rightarrow$ Research and applications of nucleosides: $\rightarrow$ Summary: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-research-and-applications-of-nucleosides-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Research and applications of nucleosides: </primary></h3>
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<li>Nucleosides continue to be a topic of scientific research and development.</li>
<li>Ongoing studies aim to understand their role in various physiological processes, such as DNA repair, epigenetics, and diseases.</li>
<li>Nucleosides and nucleoside analogs also have potential applications in drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and targeted therapies.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): $\rightarrow$ Implications of nucleoside metabolism disorders: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Research and applications of nucleosides: </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary: $\rightarrow$  </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary: </primary></h3>
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<li>Nucleosides are essential components of DNA and RNA, playing crucial roles in storing and transmitting genetic information.</li>
<li>They are composed of a nitrogenous base and a sugar molecule, forming the backbone of nucleic acids.</li>
<li>Nucleosides are involved in energy metabolism, gene expression, and cellular processes.</li>
<li>Disorders in nucleoside metabolism can lead to severe health conditions.</li>
<li>Ongoing research on nucleosides continues to deepen our understanding and expand their applications in various fields.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Implications of nucleoside metabolism disorders: $\rightarrow$ Research and applications of nucleosides: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary: </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>