Biomolecules - Introduction To Biomolecules

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biomolecules---introduction-to-biomolecules-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biomolecules - Introduction to Biomolecules </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Biomolecules are the organic compounds found in living organisms.</li>
<li>They are essential for the proper functioning and survival of living beings.</li>
<li>Biomolecules are composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.</li>
<li>The four main classes of biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.</li>
<li>Carbohydrates are important sources of energy and include sugars, starches, and cellulose.</li>
<li>Proteins are involved in various cellular functions and are composed of amino acids.</li>
<li>Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, and phospholipids.</li>
<li>Nucleic acids are responsible for storing genetic information and include DNA and RNA.</li>
<li>Biomolecules are interconnected and play important roles in the functioning of organisms.</li>
<li>Understanding biomolecules is crucial for understanding the biochemistry of living organisms.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biomolecules - Introduction to Biomolecules </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Proteins </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.</li>
<li>They are the main source of energy for living organisms.</li>
<li>Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.</li>
<li>Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond, such as sucrose and lactose.</li>
<li>Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units, such as starch and cellulose.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Biomolecules - Introduction to Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates </span> $\rightarrow$ Proteins $\rightarrow$ Lipids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-proteins-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Proteins </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Proteins are large, complex molecules composed of amino acids.</li>
<li>They have various functions in living organisms, including enzymes, structural components, and antibodies.</li>
<li>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are connected by peptide bonds.</li>
<li>Proteins have a unique three-dimensional structure, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.</li>
<li>Examples of proteins include hemoglobin, insulin, and collagen.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biomolecules - Introduction to Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Proteins </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Nucleic acids are the genetic material of living organisms and play a crucial role in protein synthesis.</li>
<li>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two main types of nucleic acids.</li>
<li>DNA carries genetic information and is responsible for the inheritance of traits.</li>
<li>RNA is involved in protein synthesis and other cellular functions.</li>
<li>Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Proteins $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Functions $\rightarrow$ Protein Functions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrate-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrate Functions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for all organisms.</li>
<li>They provide quick and readily available energy through the process of cellular respiration.</li>
<li>Carbohydrates also play a role in cell adhesion and recognition.</li>
<li>Some carbohydrates function as structural components, such as cellulose in plant cell walls.</li>
<li>Dietary fibers, which are complex carbohydrates, promote healthy digestion and prevent constipation.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipids $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrate Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Functions $\rightarrow$ Lipid Functions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Functions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Proteins have diverse functions in living organisms.</li>
<li>Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells.</li>
<li>Structural proteins, such as collagen and keratin, provide support to tissues and organs.</li>
<li>Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight against foreign substances.</li>
<li>Transport proteins, like hemoglobin, transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipid Functions $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Functions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipid-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipid Functions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Lipids serve as a concentrated source of energy in living organisms.</li>
<li>They play a significant role in energy storage, providing more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.</li>
<li>Lipids are a vital component of cell membranes, maintaining their structure and integrity.</li>
<li>Some lipids serve as insulation and protection, such as adipose tissue under the skin.</li>
<li>Lipids are also involved in hormone production and signaling.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrate Functions $\rightarrow$ Protein Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipid Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Functions $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Examples </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acid-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acid Functions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Nucleic acids store, transmit, and express genetic information in living organisms.</li>
<li>DNA carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism’s structure and function.</li>
<li>RNA is involved in protein synthesis, where it transfers and translates the genetic code.</li>
<li>Nucleic acids play a crucial role in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.</li>
<li>They are also involved in regulating gene expression and cell signaling processes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Functions $\rightarrow$ Lipid Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acid Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Examples $\rightarrow$ Protein Examples </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrate-examples-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrate Examples </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Glucose is a monosaccharide and is the primary source of energy for most organisms.</li>
<li>Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits and is sweeter than glucose.</li>
<li>Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by combining glucose and fructose and is commonly known as table sugar.</li>
<li>Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk and is broken down by the enzyme lactase.</li>
<li>Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that serve as energy storage in plants and animals, respectively.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipid Functions $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrate Examples </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Examples $\rightarrow$ Lipid Examples </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-examples-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Examples </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells and transports oxygen throughout the body.</li>
<li>Insulin is a hormone protein that regulates blood sugar levels.</li>
<li>Collagen is a structural protein found in the skin, bones, and connective tissues.</li>
<li>Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to target and destroy foreign substances.</li>
<li>Enzymes, such as amylase and pepsin, are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acid Functions $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Examples $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Examples </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipid Examples $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Examples </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipid-examples-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipid Examples </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Triglycerides are the most common type of lipid found in our body and are involved in energy storage.</li>
<li>Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes, forming a lipid bilayer.</li>
<li>Steroids, such as cholesterol, are lipid molecules that have various functions in the body.</li>
<li>Fats and oils are examples of lipids used as a source of energy in the diet.</li>
<li>Waxes are lipids that provide waterproofing and protection in plants and animals.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrate Examples $\rightarrow$ Protein Examples $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipid Examples </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Examples $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acid-examples-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acid Examples </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information.</li>
<li>RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded nucleic acid that is involved in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.</li>
<li>ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells.</li>
<li>Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in protein synthesis.</li>
<li>Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Examples $\rightarrow$ Lipid Examples $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acid Examples </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Structure $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrate-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrate Structure </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates have a general formula of (CH2O)n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms.</li>
<li>Monosaccharides have a linear or ring structure, depending on the number of carbon atoms.</li>
<li>In glucose, a hexose sugar, the linear structure can form a ring structure through an intramolecular reaction.</li>
<li><strong>The ring structure can exist in two forms</strong>: alpha and beta, depending on the position of the hydroxyl group.</li>
<li>Disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed by linking monosaccharides through glycosidic bonds.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipid Examples $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Examples $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrate Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ Lipid Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Structure </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Proteins have a hierarchical structure with primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels.</li>
<li>The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.</li>
<li>Secondary structures include alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which are formed by hydrogen bonding.</li>
<li>Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a protein, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.</li>
<li>Quaternary structure occurs when multiple protein subunits come together to form a functional protein.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acid Examples $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipid Structure $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipid-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipid Structure </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.</li>
<li>Fatty acids have a carboxyl group at one end and a hydrocarbon chain at the other.</li>
<li>Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature.</li>
<li>Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and are liquid at room temperature.</li>
<li>Phospholipids have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group, making them amphipathic.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrate Structure $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipid Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Structure $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Reactions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acid-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acid Structure </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.</li>
<li>Nucleotides consist of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine/uracil).</li>
<li>DNA is a double helix structure, with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.</li>
<li>RNA is usually single-stranded, but it can fold into various secondary structures.</li>
<li>The base pairing rules for DNA are adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine, while in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ Lipid Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acid Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Reactions $\rightarrow$ Protein Reactions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrate-reactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrate Reactions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates undergo various chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis.</li>
<li>Mono- and disaccharides can undergo fermentation, producing ethanol or lactic acid.</li>
<li>Carbohydrates can form glycosidic bonds with alcohols, forming glycosides.</li>
<li>Under acidic conditions, monosaccharides can undergo mutarotation, interconverting alpha and beta forms.</li>
<li>Carbohydrates can also undergo condensation reactions to form larger polysaccharides.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipid Structure $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrate Reactions </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Reactions $\rightarrow$ Lipid Reactions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-reactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Reactions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Proteins undergo various reactions, including denaturation, hydrolysis, and oxidation.</li>
<li>Denaturation occurs when a protein loses its structure and function due to factors like temperature, pH, or chemicals.</li>
<li>Proteins can be hydrolyzed by enzymes or acids to break peptide bonds and release individual amino acids.</li>
<li>Proteins can undergo oxidation by reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage.</li>
<li>Proteins can also undergo post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acid Structure $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrate Reactions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Reactions </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipid Reactions $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Reactions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipid-reactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipid Reactions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Lipids can undergo reactions like hydrolysis, saponification, and esterification.</li>
<li>Hydrolysis of lipids breaks the ester bond between the glycerol and fatty acids, releasing fatty acids and glycerol.</li>
<li>Saponification is a reaction between lipids and bases, forming soap molecules.</li>
<li>Esterification involves the reaction of fatty acids with alcohols to form esters.</li>
<li>Lipids can also undergo oxidation reactions, leading to the formation of rancid odors and flavors.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrate Reactions $\rightarrow$ Protein Reactions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipid Reactions </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acid Reactions $\rightarrow$  </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-introduction-to-biomolecules-success-20"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Introduction To Biomolecules </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acid-reactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acid Reactions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Nucleic acids can undergo various reactions, including replication, transcription, and translation.</li>
<li>Replication is the process of DNA synthesis, where each strand serves as a template to create a complementary strand.</li>
<li>Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, producing mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA.</li>
<li>Translation is the process of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence by ribosomes and tRNA.</li>
<li>Nucleic acids can also undergo mutation, which is a change in the genetic sequence.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Reactions $\rightarrow$ Lipid Reactions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acid Reactions </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>