Biomolecules - Double Helix

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-base-pairing-rule-and-importance-of-double-helix-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Base pairing rule and Importance of Double Helix </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Base pairing rule
<ul>
<li>Adenine with thymine</li>
<li>Guanine with cytosine</li>
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<li>Complementary strand formation</li>
<li>DNA replication process</li>
<li>Importance of double helix in heredity</li>
<li>Examples of DNA structure in real-life applications
<ul>
<li>DNA profiling in forensic science</li>
<li>Genetic engineering</li>
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</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Biomolecules - Double helix $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Base pairing rule and Importance of Double Helix </span> $\rightarrow$ Importance of Double Helix in Heredity $\rightarrow$ Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - DNA Profiling </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-importance-of-double-helix-in-heredity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Importance of Double Helix in Heredity </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Double helix structure of DNA allows for the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next</li>
<li>DNA replication ensures that each new cell produced during cell division receives an exact copy of the genetic material</li>
<li>Through DNA replication, the information encoded in the DNA molecule is preserved and passed on to offspring</li>
<li>Double helix structure also allows for the potential of genetic variation through mechanisms such as genetic recombination and mutations</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biomolecules - Double helix $\rightarrow$ Base pairing rule and Importance of Double Helix $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Importance of Double Helix in Heredity </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - DNA Profiling $\rightarrow$ Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - Genetic Engineering </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-dna-structure-in-real-life-applications---dna-profiling-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - DNA Profiling </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, utilizes the unique DNA sequence variations between individuals to identify and differentiate them</li>
<li>The double helix structure of DNA allows for the extraction and analysis of DNA from various biological samples (e.g., blood, hair, saliva, etc.) in forensic investigations</li>
<li>DNA profiling has been instrumental in solving crime cases, establishing paternity/maternity, and exonerating the wrongly accused</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Base pairing rule and Importance of Double Helix $\rightarrow$ Importance of Double Helix in Heredity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - DNA Profiling </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - Genetic Engineering $\rightarrow$ Bioinformatics and Genomic Studies </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-dna-structure-in-real-life-applications---genetic-engineering-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - Genetic Engineering </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>The ability to manipulate the structure and function of DNA is essential in genetic engineering techniques</li>
<li>Through recombinant DNA technology, scientists can introduce new genetic material into an organism’s DNA, creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</li>
<li>Manipulating the double helix structure allows for the insertion, deletion, or modification of specific genes, leading to desired traits or characteristics in the organism</li>
<li>Examples of genetic engineering applications include agricultural biotechnology (improving crop traits), medical biotechnology (producing therapeutic proteins), and environmental biotechnology (bioremediation)</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Importance of Double Helix in Heredity $\rightarrow$ Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - DNA Profiling $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - Genetic Engineering </span> $\rightarrow$ Bioinformatics and Genomic Studies $\rightarrow$ Summary of the Double Helix Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-bioinformatics-and-genomic-studies-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Bioinformatics and Genomic Studies </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and mathematics to analyze and interpret biological data, particularly genomic information</li>
<li>The double helix structure of DNA provides the foundation for genomic studies</li>
<li>With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, vast amounts of genomic data can be generated and analyzed</li>
<li>Bioinformatics tools and algorithms allow scientists to compare DNA sequences, identify genes, predict protein structures and functions, and understand the relationships between DNA, genes, and diseases</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - DNA Profiling $\rightarrow$ Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - Genetic Engineering $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Bioinformatics and Genomic Studies </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary of the Double Helix Structure $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-of-the-double-helix-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary of the Double Helix Structure </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>The double helix structure is a fundamental characteristic of DNA</li>
<li>It consists of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous bases</li>
<li>Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, following the base pairing rule</li>
<li>The double helix structure plays a vital role in heredity, DNA replication, and various applications in different fields of science</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of DNA Structure in Real-Life Applications - Genetic Engineering $\rightarrow$ Bioinformatics and Genomic Studies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary of the Double Helix Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Examples of carbohydrates </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-21"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-equilibrium-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Equilibrium </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Introduction to chemical equilibrium</li>
<li>The concept of reversible reactions</li>
<li>Equilibrium constant (K)
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<li>Expressions and calculations</li>
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<li>Le Chatelier’s principle</li>
<li>Factors affecting equilibrium position
<ul>
<li>Temperature, pressure, concentration</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Solubility equilibrium</li>
<li>Acid-base equilibrium</li>
<li>Industrial applications of equilibrium principles
<ul>
<li>Haber-Bosch process (ammonia synthesis)</li>
<li>Contact process (sulfuric acid production)</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Redox Reactions $\rightarrow$ Chemical Kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Equilibrium </span> $\rightarrow$ Organic Chemistry $\rightarrow$  </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-double-helix-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Double Helix </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-organic-chemistry-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Organic Chemistry </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to organic chemistry</li>
<li>Unique properties of carbon atoms</li>
<li>Structure and bonding in organic compounds</li>
<li>Functional groups and their characteristics</li>
<li>Isomerism in organic compounds</li>
<li>Nomenclature of organic compounds</li>
<li>Reactions and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry</li>
<li>Importance of organic compounds in everyday life
<ul>
<li>Pharmaceuticals, polymers, fuels, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Carbon-based compounds in environmental issues</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Chemical Kinetics $\rightarrow$ Equilibrium $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Organic Chemistry </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>