<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biomolecules-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biomolecules </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Biomolecules are the organic compounds present in living organisms.</li> <li>They are essential for life processes and constitute the building blocks of cells and tissues.</li> <li>Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biomolecules </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li><strong>Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2</strong>:2:1.</li> <li>They are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.</li> <li>Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Lipids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharide units.</li> <li>Sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose) are examples of disaccharides.</li> <li>Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units.</li> <li>Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biomolecules $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ Proteins </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipids </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Lipids are hydrophobic organic compounds that include fats, oils, and waxes.</li> <li>They are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.</li> <li>Lipids are important for energy storage, insulation, and protection of organs.</li> <li>Examples of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrates $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipids </span> $\rightarrow$ Proteins $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-proteins-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Proteins </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Proteins are complex macromolecules composed of amino acids.</li> <li>They play a vital role in various biological processes such as enzymatic reactions, structural support, and transport.</li> <li>Proteins are classified into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.</li> <li>Examples of proteins include enzymes, antibodies, and hemoglobin.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Lipids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Proteins </span> $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-proteins-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Proteins (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.</li> <li>They are composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.</li> <li>There are 20 different amino acids, each with a unique side chain.</li> <li>The sequence of amino acids determines the structure and function of a protein.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipids $\rightarrow$ Proteins $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Proteins (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acids </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.</li> <li>They are composed of nucleotides.</li> <li>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are two types of nucleic acids.</li> <li>DNA contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Proteins $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Structure </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>DNA is a double-stranded helical structure.</li> <li>It consists of nucleotides that are linked through phosphodiester bonds.</li> <li>The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.</li> <li>Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-replication-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Replication </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>DNA replication is the process by which DNA is duplicated.</li> <li>It occurs during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the DNA.</li> <li>The replication process is semiconservative, meaning that each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acids $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Replication </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Biomolecules are essential organic compounds found in living organisms.</li> <li>Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.</li> <li>Lipids are hydrophobic compounds important for energy storage.</li> <li>Proteins are composed of amino acids and have various functions.</li> <li>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Structure $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates-contd-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates.</li> <li>Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells.</li> <li>Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey.</li> <li>Galactose is a component of lactose, the sugar found in milk.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Replication $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates-contd-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharide units.</li> <li>Lactose is found in milk and is composed of glucose and galactose.</li> <li>Maltose is formed during the digestion of starch and consists of two glucose units.</li> <li>Sucrose, or table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Lipids (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-carbohydrates-contd-primary-3"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.</li> <li>Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants, composed of glucose units.</li> <li>Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals, stored in the liver and muscles.</li> <li>Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Carbohydrates (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Lipids (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipids-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipids (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Triglycerides are the most common type of lipid.</li> <li>They are composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains.</li> <li>Fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid.</li> <li>Saturated fats have single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have double bonds.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipids (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipids-contd-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipids (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.</li> <li>They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.</li> <li>Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in cell membranes.</li> <li>It plays a role in maintaining membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Carbohydrates (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Lipids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipids (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-proteins-contd-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Proteins (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>A protein’s structure determines its function.</li> <li>Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids.</li> <li>Secondary structure refers to the folding of the protein into alpha helices or beta sheets.</li> <li>Tertiary structure is the 3D arrangement of the protein.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Lipids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Proteins (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-proteins-contd-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Proteins (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Quaternary structure refers to the combination of multiple protein subunits.</li> <li>Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.</li> <li>Antibodies are proteins that help to fight infections.</li> <li>Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Proteins (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleic-acids-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleic Acids (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>RNA is involved in protein synthesis.</li> <li>It carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.</li> <li>RNA is composed of ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil).</li> <li><strong>There are three types of RNA</strong>: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleic Acids (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure (contd.) $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-structure-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Structure (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick.</li> <li>The two DNA strands are antiparallel, running in opposite directions.</li> <li>The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the outside of the helix.</li> <li>The base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Proteins (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Nucleic Acids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Structure (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication (contd.) $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-replication-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Replication (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li><strong>DNA replication occurs in three main stages</strong>: initiation, elongation, and termination.</li> <li>During initiation, DNA helicase unwinds the double helix and creates a replication fork.</li> <li>DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during elongation.</li> <li>The process is bidirectional, occurring in both directions from the replication fork.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleic Acids (contd.) $\rightarrow$ DNA Structure (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Replication (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Transcription </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-20"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dna-replication-contd-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> DNA Replication (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction.</li> <li>The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in small fragments called Okazaki fragments.</li> <li>DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together.</li> <li>The proofreading activity of DNA polymerase helps to ensure accuracy during replication.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Structure (contd.) $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> DNA Replication (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ Translation </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-21"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-transcription-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Transcription </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.</li> <li>It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.</li> <li>RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and separates the strands.</li> <li>The RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to form an RNA molecule.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Replication (contd.) $\rightarrow$ DNA Replication (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Transcription </span> $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure (contd.) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-translation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Translation </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Translation is the process by which the genetic information in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins.</li> <li>It occurs in the ribosomes.</li> <li>Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes.</li> <li>The ribosome reads the codons on the mRNA and brings in the corresponding tRNA with the correct amino acid.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">DNA Replication (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Transcription $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Translation </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Denaturation of Proteins </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-23"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-structure-contd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Structure (contd.) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Quaternary structure refers to the combination of multiple protein subunits.</li> <li>Proteins can have multiple subunits that come together to form a functional protein.</li> <li>Hemoglobin, for example, consists of four subunits.</li> <li>The quaternary structure is stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Transcription $\rightarrow$ Translation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Structure (contd.) </span> $\rightarrow$ Denaturation of Proteins $\rightarrow$ Enzymes </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-24"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-denaturation-of-proteins-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Denaturation of Proteins </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Denaturation is the process by which proteins lose their structural conformation.</li> <li>This can occur due to changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals.</li> <li>Denaturation leads to a loss of protein function.</li> <li>Examples of denatured proteins include cooked egg white and curdled milk.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Translation $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure (contd.) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Denaturation of Proteins </span> $\rightarrow$ Enzymes $\rightarrow$ Enzyme Regulation </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-25"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-enzymes-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Enzymes </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.</li> <li>They lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.</li> <li>Enzymes are specific for a particular substrate and bind to it at the active site.</li> <li>Examples of enzymes include amylase, lipase, and catalase.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Structure (contd.) $\rightarrow$ Denaturation of Proteins $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Enzymes </span> $\rightarrow$ Enzyme Regulation $\rightarrow$ Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-26"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-enzyme-regulation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Enzyme Regulation </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Enzyme activity can be regulated to ensure proper cellular function.</li> <li>Regulation can occur through feedback inhibition, where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step.</li> <li>Enzyme activity can also be regulated by allosteric regulation, where a molecule binds to a site other than the active site and affects the enzyme’s activity.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Denaturation of Proteins $\rightarrow$ Enzymes $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Enzyme Regulation </span> $\rightarrow$ Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions $\rightarrow$ Chemical Equilibrium </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-27"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-energy-changes-in-chemical-reactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Chemical reactions involve a transfer of energy.</li> <li>Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat.</li> <li>Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings.</li> <li>The overall energy change in a reaction is determined by the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Enzymes $\rightarrow$ Enzyme Regulation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions </span> $\rightarrow$ Chemical Equilibrium $\rightarrow$ Redox Reactions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-28"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-chemical-equilibrium-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Chemical Equilibrium </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates.</li> <li>The concentration of reactants and products remains constant at equilibrium.</li> <li>The equilibrium constant (Kc) is used to express the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium.</li> <li>Le Chatelier’s principle predicts the shift in equilibrium when conditions such as temperature or pressure are changed.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Enzyme Regulation $\rightarrow$ Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Chemical Equilibrium </span> $\rightarrow$ Redox Reactions $\rightarrow$ </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-dna-strands-are-complementary-success-29"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Dna Strands Are Complementary </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-redox-reactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Redox Reactions </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.</li> <li>Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction refers to the gain of electrons.</li> <li>Redox reactions are essential for energy production in living organisms.</li> <li>Examples of redox reactions include combustion and cellular respiration.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions $\rightarrow$ Chemical Equilibrium $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Redox Reactions </span> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ </footer>