Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Monosachharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates
They cannot be hydrolyzed further to give simpler units
Monosachharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms
They can be classified as trioses (3 carbons), tetroses (4 carbons), pentoses (5 carbons), and hexoses (6 carbons)
Examples of trioses include glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Examples of tetrose include erythrose and erythrulose
Examples of pentose include ribose, deoxyribose, and ribulose
Ribose is present in RNA while deoxyribose is present in DNA
Ribulose is an important molecule in photosynthesis
Examples of hexose include glucose, fructose, and galactose
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Glucose is an important source of energy for cells
Fructose is a sweet-tasting sugar found in fruits and honey
Galactose is found in milk and is converted to glucose in the liver
Monosachharides can exist in different forms, including linear and cyclic forms
In the linear form, the carbon chain is straight
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
In the cyclic form, the carbon chain forms a ring structure
The cyclic form can be further classified as either pyranose or furanose
Pyranose has a six-membered ring while furanose has a five-membered ring
Glucose can exist in both the linear and cyclic forms
In the cyclic form, it is commonly found as a pyranose
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Glucose can also exist in different anomeric forms, known as alpha and beta
The alpha form has the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the first carbon atom pointing downwards
The beta form has the hydroxyl group pointing upwards
These anomeric forms have different properties and reactivities
Fructose also exists in cyclic form as a furanose
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Fructose can also exist in different anomeric forms, similar to glucose
Galactose mostly exists in cyclic form as a pyranose
Monosachharides have multiple hydroxyl groups that can undergo various reactions
They can undergo oxidation reactions to form aldehydes or ketones
They can also undergo reduction reactions to form alcohols
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Monosachharides can participate in glycosidic bond formation to form disachharides
For example, glucose and fructose can form sucrose, a common table sugar
Glucose and galactose can form lactose, the sugar found in milk
Glucose and glucose can form maltose, a sugar found in malted grains
These disachharides have different properties and functions
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Monosachharides can also undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic hemiacetals
These reactions involve the carbon atom containing the carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl group
The resulting cyclic structure is stabilized by the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
The formation of these cyclic structures is reversible and can form a dynamic equilibrium
The equilibrium between the linear and cyclic forms is important in biological processes
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
The classification of monosachharides is important in understanding their properties and functions
Different monosachharides have different sweetening power, solubility, and roles in metabolism
The cyclic and anomeric forms of monosachharides affect their reactivity and participation in reactions
Monosachharides are building blocks for larger carbohydrates like polysachharides
Understanding their classification is fundamental in the study of biochemistry
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Monosachharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms
Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses are examples of monosachharides
Examples of trioses
: glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone
Examples of tetroses
: erythrose, erythrulose
Examples of pentoses
: ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose
Examples of hexoses
: glucose, fructose, galactose
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Glucose is an important source of energy for cells
Fructose is a sweet-tasting sugar found in fruits and honey
Galactose is found in milk and is converted to glucose in the liver
Monosachharides can exist in different forms (linear and cyclic)
Glucose can exist in both linear and cyclic forms (pyranose)
Fructose exists in cyclic form as a furanose
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Glucose and fructose can form sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose and galactose can form lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose and glucose can form maltose (malted grains)
Monosachharides can undergo oxidation reactions to form aldehydes or ketones
Monosachharides can undergo reduction reactions to form alcohols
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Monosachharides can participate in glycosidic bond formation to form disachharides
Example
: Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Example
: Glucose + galactose = lactose
Example
: Glucose + glucose = maltose
Disachharides have different properties and functions
Formation of glycosidic bonds require the elimination of a water molecule
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Monosachharides can undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic hemiacetals
Formation of cyclic structures involves the carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl group
The cyclic structure is stabilized by the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
Formation of cyclic structures is reversible and forms a dynamic equilibrium
The equilibrium between linear and cyclic forms is important in biological processes
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides
Classification of monosachharides is important in understanding their properties and functions
Different monosachharides have different sweetening power, solubility, and roles in metabolism
Cyclic and anomeric forms of monosachharides affect their reactivity and participation in reactions
Monosachharides are building blocks for larger carbohydrates like polysachharides
Understanding their classification is fundamental in the study of biochemistry
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Linear and Cyclic Forms
Monosachharides can exist in linear and cyclic forms
The linear form has a straight carbon chain
The cyclic form involves the formation of a ring structure
Glucose can exist in both linear and cyclic forms
In the cyclic form, glucose is commonly found as a pyranose
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Anomeric Forms
Monosachharides can exist in different anomeric forms
The alpha form has the hydroxyl group on the first carbon pointing downwards
The beta form has the hydroxyl group pointing upwards
Glucose can exist as both alpha and beta anomers
Fructose also exists in cyclic form as a furanose with alpha and beta anomers
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Galactose
Galactose is a monosachharide found in milk
It is converted to glucose in the liver
Galactose primarily exists in cyclic form as a pyranose
It can also form glycosidic bonds to form disachharides
Example
: Galactose + glucose = lactose (milk sugar)
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Oxidation Reactions
Monosachharides can undergo oxidation reactions
These reactions involve the conversion of the aldehyde or ketone group to a carboxylic acid group
Glucose can be oxidized to produce gluconic acid
Oxidation reactions are important in cellular respiration and energy production
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Reduction Reactions
Monosachharides can undergo reduction reactions
These reactions involve the conversion of a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group
Glucose can be reduced to form sorbitol
Reduction reactions are important in the synthesis of certain pharmaceuticals and chemicals
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Formation of Disachharides
Monosachharides can form glycosidic bonds to form disachharides
Example
: Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
Example
: Glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)
Example
: Glucose + glucose = maltose (malted grains)
Disachharides have different properties and functions
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Cyclic Hemiacetals and Hemiketals
Monosachharides can undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic structures
These reactions involve the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
The cyclic structure is stabilized by the formation of a ring structure
Glucose forms a cyclic hemiacetal in the formation of a pyranose ring
Fructose forms a cyclic hemiketal in the formation of a furanose ring
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Equilibrium Between Linear and Cyclic Forms
The formation of cyclic structures is reversible
Monosachharides can exist in a dynamic equilibrium between the linear and cyclic forms
The equilibrium is influenced by factors such as temperature and pH
The equilibrium between linear and cyclic forms is important in biological processes
It affects the reactivity and participation of monosachharides in various reactions
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Monosachharides - Properties and Functions
Different monosachharides have different properties and functions
Glucose is an important source of energy for cells
Fructose is a sweet-tasting sugar found in fruits and honey
Galactose is found in milk and plays a role in lactose metabolism
These monosachharides have different sweetening power, solubility, and roles in metabolism
Biomolecules Classification Of Monosachharides
Summary - Monosachharides
Monosachharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates
They can exist in linear and cyclic forms
Monosachharides can undergo oxidation and reduction reactions
They can form glycosidic bonds to form disachharides
Monosachharides participate in intramolecular reactions to form cyclic structures
Understanding the properties and functions of monosachharides is important in biochemistry.