Biomolecules - Amino Acids With Benezne Ring

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<main>
<ul>
<li>Biomolecules are organic compounds that are essential for life.</li>
<li>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.</li>
<li>Amino acids are organic compounds containing both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).</li>
<li>Amino acids with a benzene ring in their side chain are called aromatic amino acids.</li>
<li>Examples of aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biomolecules - Amino acids with Benzene Ring </span> $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-properties-of-aromatic-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids have unique physical and chemical properties due to the presence of a benzene ring in their side chain.</li>
<li>They are relatively hydrophobic due to the nonpolar nature of the benzene ring.</li>
<li>They tend to have bulky side chains, which can affect protein structure and function.</li>
<li>These amino acids play important roles in protein folding and stabilization.</li>
<li>They often participate in specific protein-protein interactions.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tyrosine $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Function of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine Example </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-function-of-aromatic-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Function of Aromatic Amino Acids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids play crucial roles in protein structure and function.</li>
<li>They are involved in protein folding and stabilization.</li>
<li>They contribute to the hydrophobic core of proteins, promoting stability.</li>
<li>They participate in ligand binding sites and can interact with other molecules through their aromatic rings.</li>
<li>Aromatic amino acids are also important in various physiological processes, such as neurotransmitter synthesis.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tryptophan $\rightarrow$ Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Function of Aromatic Amino Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine Example $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine Example </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-phenylalanine-example-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Phenylalanine Example </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Phenylalanine is involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine.</li>
<li>It is an essential amino acid, which means it must be obtained through the diet.</li>
<li>Phenylalanine is a precursor for the biosynthesis of tyrosine, another aromatic amino acid.</li>
<li>It is also used in the production of various drugs and food additives.</li>
<li>An example of a drug derived from phenylalanine is L-DOPA, used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Function of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Phenylalanine Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine Example $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan Example </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-tyrosine-example-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Tyrosine Example </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Tyrosine is involved in the synthesis of important molecules, such as thyroid hormones.</li>
<li>It plays a crucial role in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin and hair color.</li>
<li>Tyrosine is also a precursor for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters, including dopamine and epinephrine.</li>
<li>It is commonly used as a supplement in various forms due to its potential health benefits.</li>
<li>Tyrosine can be found naturally in various foods, including dairy products, meat, fish, and legumes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Function of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tyrosine Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan Example $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-tryptophan-example-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Tryptophan Example </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Tryptophan is a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and sleep.</li>
<li>It is an essential amino acid that needs to be obtained through the diet.</li>
<li>Tryptophan-rich foods include turkey, chicken, nuts, seeds, and dairy products.</li>
<li>Tryptophan supplements are sometimes used to promote healthy sleep and improve mood.</li>
<li>It is also a precursor for the synthesis of niacin, a B vitamin essential for various cellular processes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Phenylalanine Example $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tryptophan Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ Aromatic amino acids </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids with benzene rings in their side chain include phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.</li>
<li>These amino acids play important roles in protein structure, function, and various physiological processes.</li>
<li>Their unique properties contribute to protein folding, stability, ligand binding, and protein-protein interactions.</li>
<li>Understanding the properties and functions of aromatic amino acids is crucial for studying biomolecules and their role in life processes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tyrosine Example $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Aromatic amino acids $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-aromatic-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Aromatic amino acids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids have unique physical and chemical properties</li>
<li>Due to the presence of a benzene ring in their side chain</li>
<li>Relatively hydrophobic due to the nonpolar nature of the benzene ring</li>
<li>Bulky side chains can affect protein structure and function</li>
<li>Play important roles in protein folding and stabilization</li>
<li>Aromatic amino acids participate in specific protein-protein interactions</li>
<li>They often form binding sites for other molecules</li>
<li>Can interact with ligands through their aromatic rings</li>
<li>Provide stability and contribute to the hydrophobic core of proteins</li>
<li>Examples include phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tryptophan Example $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Aromatic amino acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-phenylalanine-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Phenylalanine </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid</li>
<li>Coded by the codons UUU and UUC</li>
<li><strong>Molecular formula</strong>: C9H11NO2</li>
<li><strong>Molecular weight</strong>: 165.19 g/mol</li>
<li>Nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acid</li>
<li>Phenylalanine is a precursor for the biosynthesis of tyrosine</li>
<li>Involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine</li>
<li>Used in the production of drugs and food additives</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: L-DOPA for Parkinson’s disease treatment</li>
<li>Must be obtained through the diet</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ Aromatic amino acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Phenylalanine </span> $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-tyrosine-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Tyrosine </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Tyrosine is a semi-essential amino acid</li>
<li>Coded by the codons UAU and UAC</li>
<li><strong>Molecular formula</strong>: C9H11NO3</li>
<li><strong>Molecular weight</strong>: 181.19 g/mol</li>
<li>Polar, hydrophilic amino acid</li>
<li>Tyrosine is involved in the production of thyroid hormones</li>
<li>Crucial for the synthesis of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin and hair color</li>
<li>Precursor for the synthesis of neurotransmitters dopamine and epinephrine</li>
<li>Used as a supplement and found naturally in various foods</li>
<li>Important for various cellular processes</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Aromatic amino acids $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tyrosine </span> $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan $\rightarrow$ properties of aromatic amino acids </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-tryptophan-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Tryptophan </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Tryptophan is an essential amino acid</li>
<li>Coded by the codon UGG</li>
<li><strong>Molecular formula</strong>: C11H12N2O2</li>
<li><strong>Molecular weight</strong>: 204.23 g/mol</li>
<li>Nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acid</li>
<li>Tryptophan is a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin</li>
<li>Neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and sleep</li>
<li>Must be obtained through the diet</li>
<li>Found in foods such as turkey, chicken, nuts, seeds, and dairy products</li>
<li>Used as a supplement for healthy sleep and improved mood</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Phenylalanine $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tryptophan </span> $\rightarrow$ properties of aromatic amino acids $\rightarrow$ Functions of Aromatic Amino Acids </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-properties-of-aromatic-amino-acids-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> properties of aromatic amino acids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Understanding the properties and functions of aromatic amino acids is essential in studying biomolecules</li>
<li>Aromatic amino acids contribute to protein structure, stability, and ligand binding</li>
<li>Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are examples of aromatic amino acids with benzene rings in their side chains</li>
<li>These amino acids play crucial roles in protein folding, stabilization, and various physiological processes</li>
<li>Mastery of these concepts is important for success in the 12th Boards examination in chemistry.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tyrosine $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> properties of aromatic amino acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Functions of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine Example </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-functions-of-aromatic-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Functions of Aromatic Amino Acids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids play crucial roles in protein structure and function.</li>
<li>They contribute to the hydrophobic core of proteins, promoting stability.</li>
<li>They participate in ligand binding sites and can interact with other molecules through their aromatic rings.</li>
<li>Examples include phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.</li>
<li>Aromatic amino acids are also important in various physiological processes, such as neurotransmitter synthesis.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tryptophan $\rightarrow$ properties of aromatic amino acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Functions of Aromatic Amino Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine Example $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine Example </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-phenylalanine-example-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Phenylalanine Example </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Phenylalanine is involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine.</li>
<li>It is an essential amino acid, which means it must be obtained through the diet.</li>
<li>Phenylalanine is a precursor for the biosynthesis of tyrosine, another aromatic amino acid.</li>
<li>It is also used in the production of various drugs and food additives.</li>
<li>An example of a drug derived from phenylalanine is L-DOPA, used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">properties of aromatic amino acids $\rightarrow$ Functions of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Phenylalanine Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine Example $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan Example </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-tyrosine-example-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Tyrosine Example </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Tyrosine is involved in the synthesis of important molecules, such as thyroid hormones.</li>
<li>It plays a crucial role in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin and hair color.</li>
<li>Tyrosine is also a precursor for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters, including dopamine and epinephrine.</li>
<li>It is commonly used as a supplement in various forms due to its potential health benefits.</li>
<li>Tyrosine can be found naturally in various foods, including dairy products, meat, fish, and legumes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Functions of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Phenylalanine Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tyrosine Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan Example $\rightarrow$ Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-tryptophan-example-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Tryptophan Example </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Tryptophan is a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and sleep.</li>
<li>It is an essential amino acid that needs to be obtained through the diet.</li>
<li>Tryptophan-rich foods include turkey, chicken, nuts, seeds, and dairy products.</li>
<li>Tryptophan supplements are sometimes used to promote healthy sleep and improve mood.</li>
<li>It is also a precursor for the synthesis of niacin, a B vitamin essential for various cellular processes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Phenylalanine Example $\rightarrow$ Tyrosine Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tryptophan Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-properties-of-aromatic-amino-acids-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids have unique physical and chemical properties.</li>
<li>The presence of a benzene ring in their side chain gives them their characteristic properties.</li>
<li>They are relatively hydrophobic due to the nonpolar nature of the benzene ring.</li>
<li>Aromatic amino acids often have bulky side chains, which can affect protein structure and function.</li>
<li>These amino acids play important roles in protein folding and stabilization.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tyrosine Example $\rightarrow$ Tryptophan Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ Protein Folding </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Structure </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Proteins have a hierarchical structure.</li>
<li>Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a protein.</li>
<li>Secondary structure refers to local spatial arrangements of the polypeptide chain, including α-helices and β-sheets.</li>
<li>Tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D structure of a protein.</li>
<li>Quaternary structure refers to the interactions between multiple protein subunits.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tryptophan Example $\rightarrow$ Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Folding $\rightarrow$ Protein Stability </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-folding-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Folding </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Protein folding refers to the process by which an unfolded polypeptide chain adopts its functional 3D conformation.</li>
<li>Folding is governed by the interactions between amino acid side chains and the surrounding environment.</li>
<li>Various factors, such as temperature, pH, and presence of chaperone proteins, can influence folding.</li>
<li>Misfolding of proteins can lead to diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.</li>
<li>Understanding protein folding is crucial for understanding protein structure and function.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Properties of Aromatic Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Folding </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein Stability $\rightarrow$ Protein-Ligand Interactions </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-stability-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein Stability </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Protein stability refers to the tendency of a protein to maintain its native conformation.</li>
<li>Stability is influenced by various factors, including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions.</li>
<li>Denaturation, which involves the disruption of the protein’s secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, can lead to loss of protein function.</li>
<li>Factors such as temperature, pH, and chemical denaturants can influence protein stability.</li>
<li>Maintaining protein stability is essential for proper cellular function.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Structure $\rightarrow$ Protein Folding $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein Stability </span> $\rightarrow$ Protein-Ligand Interactions $\rightarrow$ Conclusion </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-ligand-interactions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Protein-Ligand Interactions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Proteins can interact with various molecules, known as ligands.</li>
<li>Ligands can bind to specific binding sites on proteins, leading to conformational changes and functional effects.</li>
<li>Aromatic amino acids in proteins often contribute to ligand binding sites due to their ability to interact with ligand molecules through their aromatic rings.</li>
<li>Examples of ligand-protein interactions include enzyme-substrate interactions and receptor-ligand interactions.</li>
<li>Understanding protein-ligand interactions is important for drug design and understanding disease mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Folding $\rightarrow$ Protein Stability $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Protein-Ligand Interactions </span> $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$  </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conclusion-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conclusion </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Aromatic amino acids with benzene rings in their side chains play important roles in protein structure and function.</li>
<li>Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are examples of aromatic amino acids.</li>
<li>These amino acids contribute to protein folding, stability, ligand binding, and protein-protein interactions.</li>
<li>Understanding the properties and functions of aromatic amino acids is crucial for studying biomolecules and their role in life processes.</li>
<li>Mastery of these concepts is important for success in the 12th Boards examination in chemistry.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Protein Stability $\rightarrow$ Protein-Ligand Interactions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conclusion </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>