<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Acid-Base Properties Of Amino Acids </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>In this lecture, we will discuss the acid-base properties of amino acids.</li> <li>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and they have unique acid-base characteristics.</li> <li>Understanding their acid-base properties is crucial for studying protein structure and function.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Acid-Base Properties Of Amino Acids </span> $\rightarrow$ functional groups $\rightarrow$ acid-base properties </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-functional-groups-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> functional groups </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Amino acids contain at least two functional groups - an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).</li> <li>The amino group can act as a base and accept a proton (H+) to form an amino cation (+NH3).</li> <li>The carboxyl group can act as an acid and donate a proton (H+) to form a carboxylate anion (-COO-).</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Acid-Base Properties Of Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> functional groups </span> $\rightarrow$ acid-base properties $\rightarrow$ isoelectric point (pI) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-acid-base-properties-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> acid-base properties </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The acid-base properties of amino acids depend on the pH of the solution.</li> <li>At low pH (acidic conditions), the amino group accepts a proton and becomes protonated.</li> <li>At high pH (basic conditions), the carboxyl group donates a proton and becomes deprotonated.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Acid-Base Properties Of Amino Acids $\rightarrow$ functional groups $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> acid-base properties </span> $\rightarrow$ isoelectric point (pI) $\rightarrow$ pI of an amino acid </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-isoelectric-point-pi-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> isoelectric point (pI) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The pH at which the amino acid is electrically neutral is called the isoelectric point (pI).</li> <li>At the pI, the number of positive charges (from protonated amino groups) is equal to the number of negative charges (from deprotonated carboxyl groups).</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">functional groups $\rightarrow$ acid-base properties $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> isoelectric point (pI) </span> $\rightarrow$ pI of an amino acid $\rightarrow$ positive charge (Amino Acid) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-pi-of-an-amino-acid-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> pI of an amino acid </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The pI of an amino acid can be calculated using its pKa values.</li> <li>The pKa is the pH at which half of the molecules of the acid or base are ionized.</li> <li>For the amino group, the pKa is around 9-10, whereas for the carboxyl group, the pKa is around 2-3.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">acid-base properties $\rightarrow$ isoelectric point (pI) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> pI of an amino acid </span> $\rightarrow$ positive charge (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ negative charge (Amino Acid) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-positive-charge-amino-acid-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> positive charge (Amino Acid) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>At a pH below the pI, the amino acid will have a positive charge.</li> <li><strong>Example</strong>: At pH 2, the carboxyl group is protonated and the amino group is neutralized. The amino acid has a positive charge.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">isoelectric point (pI) $\rightarrow$ pI of an amino acid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> positive charge (Amino Acid) </span> $\rightarrow$ negative charge (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ electrically neutral (Amino Acid) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-negative-charge-amino-acid-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> negative charge (Amino Acid) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>At a pH above the pI, the amino acid will have a negative charge.</li> <li><strong>Example</strong>: At pH 12, the carboxy group is deprotonated and the amino group is neutral. The amino acid has a negative charge.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">pI of an amino acid $\rightarrow$ positive charge (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> negative charge (Amino Acid) </span> $\rightarrow$ electrically neutral (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ fully protonated (Amino Acid) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-electrically-neutral-amino-acid-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> electrically neutral (Amino Acid) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>At the pI, the amino acid will be electrically neutral.</li> <li><strong>Example</strong>: If the pI of an amino acid is 6, at pH 6, the carboxyl and amino groups are equally protonated and deprotonated, respectively.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">positive charge (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ negative charge (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> electrically neutral (Amino Acid) </span> $\rightarrow$ fully protonated (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-fully-protonated-amino-acid-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> fully protonated (Amino Acid) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The pH at which an amino acid is fully protonated or fully deprotonated depends on its side chain (R group).</li> <li>Some amino acids have acidic side chains (e.g., Aspartic acid) or basic side chains (e.g., Arginine) that can affect their acid-base properties.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">negative charge (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ electrically neutral (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> fully protonated (Amino Acid) </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ acid-base properties of amino acids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>In summary, amino acids possess acid-base properties due to their amino and carboxyl groups.</li> <li>The pI represents the pH at which the amino acid is neutral.</li> <li>The pKa values of the functional groups determine the extent of ionization at different pH values.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">electrically neutral (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ fully protonated (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ acid-base properties of amino acids $\rightarrow$ pH scale </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> acid-base properties of amino acids </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The acid-base properties of amino acids play a crucial role in protein structure and function.</li> <li>The ionization state of amino acids affects interactions with other molecules and the overall charge of proteins.</li> <li>Understanding these properties helps in predicting protein behavior and designing drugs.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">fully protonated (Amino Acid) $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> acid-base properties of amino acids </span> $\rightarrow$ pH scale $\rightarrow$ ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ph-scale-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> pH scale </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.</li> <li>It ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most alkaline), with 7 being neutral.</li> <li>Acidic solutions have a high concentration of protons (H+), while alkaline solutions have a low concentration.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ acid-base properties of amino acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> pH scale </span> $\rightarrow$ ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups) $\rightarrow$ acidic conditions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ionizable-groups-amino-and-carboxyl-groups-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups) </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Amino acids exhibit characteristic acid-base properties because of the presence of ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups).</li> <li>The ionization of these groups is influenced by the pH of the surrounding medium.</li> <li>The pH of a solution can be adjusted using acids or bases.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">acid-base properties of amino acids $\rightarrow$ pH scale $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups) </span> $\rightarrow$ acidic conditions $\rightarrow$ basic conditions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-acidic-conditions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> acidic conditions </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>At low pH values (acidic conditions), the carboxyl group donates a proton, becoming a carboxylic acid.</li> <li>The amino group does not accept a proton since the pH is already low.</li> <li><strong>Example</strong>: At pH 2, both amino and carboxyl groups are protonated.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">pH scale $\rightarrow$ ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> acidic conditions </span> $\rightarrow$ basic conditions $\rightarrow$ acid-base behavior </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-basic-conditions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> basic conditions </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>At high pH values (basic conditions), the amino group accepts a proton, becoming an amino ion.</li> <li>The carboxyl group does not donate a proton since the pH is already high.</li> <li><strong>Example</strong>: At pH 12, both amino and carboxyl groups are deprotonated.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">ionizable groups (amino and carboxyl groups) $\rightarrow$ acidic conditions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> basic conditions </span> $\rightarrow$ acid-base behavior $\rightarrow$ ionization of amino acids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-acid-base-behavior-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> acid-base behavior </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The acid-base behavior of amino acids can be represented using chemical equations.</li> <li><strong>The equilibria between the protonated and deprotonated forms of the functional groups can be shown as follows</strong>: <ul> <li>NH3+ ↔ NH2 + H+</li> <li>COOH ↔ COO- + H+</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">acidic conditions $\rightarrow$ basic conditions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> acid-base behavior </span> $\rightarrow$ ionization of amino acids $\rightarrow$ amino group and carboxyl group </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ionization-of-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> ionization of amino acids </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The extent of ionization of amino acids at a specific pH depends on the pKa values of their functional groups.</li> <li>The pKa is a measure of the acidity of an ionizable group.</li> <li>A lower pKa value indicates a stronger acid.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">basic conditions $\rightarrow$ acid-base behavior $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> ionization of amino acids </span> $\rightarrow$ amino group and carboxyl group $\rightarrow$ pI of an amino acid </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-amino-group-and-carboxyl-group-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> amino group and carboxyl group </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The pKa values of the amino group and carboxyl group in amino acids are influenced by their chemical environment.</li> <li>Side chains or neighboring functional groups can affect the pKa values.</li> <li>For example, a nearby acidic group can decrease the pKa of the amino group, making it more likely to accept a proton.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">acid-base behavior $\rightarrow$ ionization of amino acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> amino group and carboxyl group </span> $\rightarrow$ pI of an amino acid $\rightarrow$ Conclusion </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-pi-of-an-amino-acid-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> pI of an amino acid </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The pI of an amino acid can be calculated using the pKa values of its functional groups.</li> <li>The pI is the average of the pKa values of the protonated and deprotonated forms.</li> <li><strong>Example</strong>: If the pKa of the amino group is 10 and the pKa of the carboxyl group is 2, the pI would be (10+2)/2 = 6.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">ionization of amino acids $\rightarrow$ amino group and carboxyl group $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> pI of an amino acid </span> $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Classification of Amino acids </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conclusion-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conclusion </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>In conclusion, the acid-base properties of amino acids are determined by the pH of the surrounding medium.</li> <li>Amino acids can exist in different ionization states depending on the pH.</li> <li>Understanding these properties is essential for studying protein structure, function, and biochemical processes.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">amino group and carboxyl group $\rightarrow$ pI of an amino acid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conclusion </span> $\rightarrow$ Classification of Amino acids $\rightarrow$ Polar and Non-Polar Side Chains </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-20"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-classification-of-amino-acids-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Classification of Amino acids </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Amino acids can be classified into different groups based on their side chains.</li> <li>Aromatic amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) contain a benzene ring in their side chains.</li> <li>Aliphatic amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, and valine) have aliphatic side chains.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">pI of an amino acid $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Classification of Amino acids </span> $\rightarrow$ Polar and Non-Polar Side Chains $\rightarrow$ monomers </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-21"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-polar-and-non-polar-side-chains-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Polar and Non-Polar Side Chains </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Some amino acids have polar side chains (e.g., serine, threonine, and asparagine) that can form hydrogen bonds.</li> <li>Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in protein structure and stability.</li> <li>Other amino acids have nonpolar side chains (e.g., leucine, isoleucine, and methionine) that are hydrophobic.</li> <li>The side chains of some amino acids can undergo different chemical reactions.</li> <li>For example, cysteine contains a sulfhydryl group that can form disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues.</li> <li>Disulfide bonds contribute to protein folding and stabilization.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Classification of Amino acids $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polar and Non-Polar Side Chains </span> $\rightarrow$ monomers $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - Primary Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monomers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> monomers </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins through peptide bonds.</li> <li>A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.</li> <li>This dehydration synthesis reaction releases a water molecule.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Classification of Amino acids $\rightarrow$ Polar and Non-Polar Side Chains $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> monomers </span> $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - Primary Structure $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - secondary Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-23"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-polypeptides-chain---primary-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Polypeptides Chain - Primary Structure </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.</li> <li>The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.</li> <li>The primary structure determines the overall shape and function of the protein.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Polar and Non-Polar Side Chains $\rightarrow$ monomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polypeptides Chain - Primary Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - secondary Structure $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - tertiary Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-24"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-polypeptides-chain---secondary-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Polypeptides Chain - secondary Structure </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The secondary structure of a protein refers to the regular arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.</li> <li>Examples of secondary structures include alpha-helices and beta-sheets.</li> <li>Hydrogen bonding between the amino acid residues stabilizes these structures.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">monomers $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - Primary Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polypeptides Chain - secondary Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - tertiary Structure $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - quaternary Structure </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-25"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-polypeptides-chain---tertiary-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Polypeptides Chain - tertiary Structure </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The tertiary structure of a protein refers to its three-dimensional fold or conformation.</li> <li>This folding is driven by various interactions between amino acid side chains, such as hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions.</li> <li>The tertiary structure determines the protein’s function.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Polypeptides Chain - Primary Structure $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - secondary Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polypeptides Chain - tertiary Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - quaternary Structure $\rightarrow$ protein behavior and drugs </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-26"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-polypeptides-chain---quaternary-structure-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Polypeptides Chain - quaternary Structure </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>The quaternary structure refers to the organization of individual polypeptide subunits in a protein with multiple subunits.</li> <li>Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include hemoglobin and collagen.</li> <li>Interactions between the subunits, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, stabilize the quaternary structure.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Polypeptides Chain - secondary Structure $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - tertiary Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Polypeptides Chain - quaternary Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ protein behavior and drugs $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-27"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-protein-behavior-and-drugs-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> protein behavior and drugs </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>Understanding the acid-base properties of amino acids is essential for studying protein behavior and designing drugs.</li> <li>Many drugs target specific amino acid residues in proteins to alter their function.</li> <li>Acid-base reactions can also occur between amino acids and other molecules in biochemical processes.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Polypeptides Chain - tertiary Structure $\rightarrow$ Polypeptides Chain - quaternary Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> protein behavior and drugs </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biomolecules-acid-base-properties-of-amino-acids-success-28"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biomolecules Acid Base Properties Of Amino Acids </Success></h3> <h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3> <hr> <main> <ul> <li>To summarize, amino acids possess unique acid-base properties due to their functional groups.</li> <li>The pH of a solution affects the ionization state of the amino and carboxyl groups.</li> <li>The pI of an amino acid represents the pH at which it is electrically neutral.</li> <li>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play a crucial role in protein structure, function, and biochemistry.</li> </ul> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Polypeptides Chain - quaternary Structure $\rightarrow$ protein behavior and drugs $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ </footer>